Radiology-Nuclear Medicine Diagnostic Imaging: A Correlative Approach

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Correlative Imaging: What Radiologists and Nuclear Medicine Physicians Should Know on Hybrid Imaging
	Introduction
	Correlative Imaging
	Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography
		PET-CT: What a Radiologist Should Know about PET
		What Nuclear Medicine Physicians Need to Know about CT
		Computed Tomography
		Principle of CT
		Intravenous and Oral Contrast in CT Scanning
	CT Protocols in PET-CT
	Display of Fused PET-CT Images
	Artifacts in PET-CT Fusion
	FDG PET-CT Clinical Examples
		PET-CT Tracers Beyond FDG
	SPECT–CT Imaging
		Introduction
	SPECT–CT System Information
	General SPECT–CT Protocols
	SPECT–CT Acquisition
	Image Reconstruction
	New SPECT–CT Scanners with Solid-state Detectors
	Clinical Examples of SPECT–CT
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Basic Principles of Hybrid Imaging
	General Introduction
	Computed Tomography
		Introduction
		Physical Principles of the CT Technique
		Representation of CT Images
		Reconstruction Methods
		Dual-energy CT
	Nuclear Medicine Tomographic Imaging
		Single-photon Emission Tomography
		Positron Emission Tomography
		Quantitative Data Corrections in SPECT and PET
		Image Reconstruction
		Recent Developments
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Introduction
		Physical Principles of MRI
		MRI Signal Formation
		Free Induction Decay and Spatial Encoding
		Longitudinal Magnetization Recovery: Relaxation Time T1
		Transverse Magnetization Decay: Relaxation Time T2
	Ultrasound Imaging
		Physical Principles
		Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissue
		Transducers
		Probe Operation
		Signal Processing
		Display Modes
		Doppler
	Hybrid Imaging
		SPECT/CT and PET/CT Systems
		PET/MR
		Triple Modality Scanner
		Image Fusion of Real-time Ultrasound
	Beyond Mathematical Rules: One Plus One is More than Two!
	References
Chapter 3 Cross-sectional Correlate for Integrative Imaging (Anatomical Radiology)
	Relevant Imaging Anatomy and Variants
	Anatomy of the Brain
		Semiology of the Brain in Neuroimaging
		Compartments and Structures of the CNS
		Anatomy of the Coverings of the CNS
		Anatomy of the Brain Parenchyma
		Functional Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
		Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
		Anatomy of the White Matter
		Brief Overview of the Cranial Nerves
		Posterior Fossa
		Ventricular System
	Neck, Paranasal Sinuses, and Orbit
		Compartments of the Supra-hyoid Neck
		Compartments of the Infra-hyoid Neck
		Lymph Nodes of the Neck
		Sinonasal Region
		Orbit
	Thoracic Anatomy: Introduction
		Anatomy of the Pulmonary Hilum
		Anatomy of the Bronchi and Hilar Vessels
		Mediastinum
		Thoracic Wall and Pleural Surfaces
		Diaphragm
	Anatomy of the Abdomen
		Anatomy of the Hepato-biliary System and Pancreas
		Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System
		Spleen
		Peritoneum and Mesentery
		Urinary System
		Adrenal Glands
		Retroperitoneum
	Anatomy of the Pelvis
		Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
		Anatomy of the Male Pelvis
		Peritoneal and Extraperitoneal Pelvic Spaces
	Spine Anatomy
		General Anatomy of the Spine
		Regional Anatomy of the Spine
	Anatomy of the Limbs and Joints
		Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
		Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limbs
	References
Chapter 4 Radiopharmaceuticals
	Introduction
	PET Radiopharmaceuticals
		18F-NaF
		18F-FDG
		Radiolabeled Choline
		18F-DOPA and Amino Acid Tracers
		68Ga-DOTATOC
		Amiloyd Imaging
	SPECT Radiopharmaceuticals
		131Iodine
		99mTechnetium
		99mTc-methyl-diphosphonate
		Renal Scintigraphy
		Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
		Labeled Leukocytes
		123I-Ioflupane
		123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine
		99mTc-macroaggregatealbumin
		Radioguided Surgery
	References
Chapter 5 Diseases of the Central Nervous System
	Relevant Anatomy
		Introduction
		Default Mode Network
		Summary
	Disease-based Imaging Findings
		Cerebrovascular Disease
		Dementia
	Epilepsy
		Introduction
		Hippocampal Sclerosis
		Focal Cortical Dysplasia
		Hemimegalencephaly
		Other Dysplastic Diseases
		Neoplasms
		Miscellaneous
		Summary
	Movement Disorder
		Introduction
		Parkinson Disease
		Other Parkinsonisms
		Multiple System Atrophy
		Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
		Corticobasal Degeneration
		Summary
	References
Chapter 6 PET Imaging in Gliomas: Clinical Principles and Synergies with MRI
	Introduction
		Brain Tumors: Epidemiology and Symptomatology
		Brain Tumors: Classification
		Gliomas: Histomolecular Classification
	WHO Grade II and III Gliomas
	WHO Grade IV Glioma: Glioblastoma
	MRI for Diagnosis and Response Assessment in Gliomas
		Perfusion MRI
		DSC-MRI perfusion
		DCE-MRI perfusion
		Arterial Spin Labeling
		Diffusion-weighted Imaging
		Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
		Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer
	Nuclear Medicine Imaging
		18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose
		Amino Acid Tracers
	PET/MRI: Technological Insights and Use in Neuro-oncology
	Correlative Assessment across Nuclear Medicine and Radiology
	References
Chapter 7 Diseases of the Head and Neck
	Anatomy
		Cross-sectional Imaging
	Artifacts
		Dental Metal Artifacts in MRI: Tumor Evaluation Not Affected
		Dental Metal Artifacts in PET-CT: Tumor Evaluation Not Affected
		Dental Artifacts Effect Depends on Degree of Head Reclination
		Complementary Information by PET-CT and MRI
		Swallowing Artifacts
		Cervical Spine Kyphosis
		Impact of Dental Metal on Different MRI Techniques
	Pre-Therapeutic Findings
	Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
		SCC of the Paranasal Sinuses
	Salivary Glands
		Parotid Malignancy (SCC)
	Nasopharynx
		Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
		Adenoid-cystic Carcinoma without FDG Accumulation
		Perineural Tumor Extension of Nasopharyngeal SCC
	Oropharynx
		Tonsillar SCC
		Tongue Base SCC
	Oral Cavity
		Tongue
		Anterior Oral Cavity/Mandibula
		Mandibula/Differential Diagnosis
		Posterior Oral Cavity/Trigonum Retromolare
	Larynx
		Supraglottic Carcinoma without Infiltration of Thyroid Cartilage
		Transglottic Carcinoma with Cartilage Infiltration
	Hypopharyx
		SCC of Piriform Recess
	Thyroid Cancer
		Papillary Thyroid Cancer as an Incidental Finding
	Carcinoma with Unknown Primary
		Clinical CUP: Tumor Detected by Imaging at Tongue Ground
		Clinical CUP: Tumor Detected by Imaging at Lung
	Post-therapeutic Findings
	Chemotherapy
		Induction Chemotherapy of Oropharyngeal Tumor
	Surgical Procedures
		Recurrent SCC of Frontal Sinus
		Recurrent Tumor after Reconstruction of Mouth Floor with Mandibula
		Differential Diagnosis to Tumor Recurrence
	Radiotherapy
		Post RT Edema and Parotitis: Persistence of Maxillary SCC
		Residual/Recurrent Tumor 4 Months after Radiotherapy of Retro-auricular SCC  MRI Unspecific
		Tumor Recurrence of Larynx SCC 9 Months after RT
	Combined Radio-chemo/Immunotherapy
		Complete Remission of Oropharyngeal SCC with Bilateral Lymph Node Metastases after Combined Radio-chemotherapy
		Tumor Recurrence
		Complete Remission after Radio-immunotherapy
		Early Lymph Node Recurrence and New Lungs Nodules 5 Months Later
		Tumor Recurrence after Multiple Tumor Manifestations with Multiple Surgical, Radio-, Chemo- and Immunotherapies
	Delayed Second Tumor
		Delayed Third Tumor Manifestation of the Right Piriform Sinus
	Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis
	Imaging Patterns of Malignant Change
		Small Lymph Nodes: Unspecific vs. Metastatic
		Small Size Metastatic Lymph Node
		Lymph Node Metastasis: Low Conspicuity, Unusual Localization
		Lymph Node Recurrence with Low Conspicuity and Unusual Localization
	Extracapsular Extension
		ECE in a Large Lymph Node Metastasis
		ECE in a Small Lymph Node Metastasis
	References
Chapter 8 The Role of Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging in the Management of Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
	Introduction
	Ischemic Heart Disease
	The Role of Nuclear Cardiology in the Management of IHD
	Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Radiotracers and Protocols
		Exercise Stress Test
	Pharmacological Stress Test
	Nuclear Cardiology and the Diagnosis of IHD
	Nuclear Cardiology and the Prognosis of IHD
	Prognostic Role of Nuclear Cardiology in Special Patient Populations
	The Role of Coronary Calcium Scoring in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of IHD
	The Role of CCTA in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of IHD
	The Role of CMR Imaging in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of IHD
	Heart Failure
	Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
	Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
	Valvular Heart Disease
	Diseases of the Aorta
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9 Vascular System
	Introduction
	Imaging of Vasculitis
	Imaging of Large Vessel Vasculitis
	Imaging of Medium and Small Vessel Vasculitis
	Imaging of Aortitis
	Imaging of Atherosclerosis
	Imaging of Benign and Malignant Vascular Thrombosis
	Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
	Aortic Dissection
	Imaging of Vascular Graft Infections
	Aortoenteric Fistulas
	References
Chapter 10 Diseases of the Pulmonary System
	Anatomy of the Pulmonary System
		Gross Anatomy
		Bronchopulmonary Segmental Anatomy
		Tracheobronchial Tree
		Conduction Zone
		Respiratory Zone
		Blood Supply
		Innervation
		Lymphatic Drainage
	Pulmonary Embolism
		Introduction
		Interpretation by Diagnostic Probability Using Planar V/Q Images
		Interpretation using Tomographic Images
		Hybrid Imaging in the Diagnosis of PE
	Pulmonary Epithelial Permeability Studies
	Presurgical Evaluation of Lung Function with Quantitative Scintigraphy
	Nuclear Medicine in Pulmonary Infection and Inflammation
	68Ga PET/CT Imaging in Pulmonary Nuclear Medicine
	Pulmonary Scintigraphy in COPD
	Pulmonary Scintigraphy for Cardiopulmonary Diseases
	Pulmonary Imaging Studies for COVID-19 Infection
	References
Chapter 11 Thoracic Malignancies
	Solitary Pulmonary Nodules
	Lung Cancer
		Introduction
		Initial Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancers
		Evaluation of Response to Treatment
		Residual Disease and Recurrence
		Small Cell Lung Cancer
		Summary
	Pleural Diseases
	Mediastinal Tumors
		Thymoma
		Teratoma
	Summary
	References
Chapter 12 A Correlative Approach to Breast Imaging
	Anatomy of the Breast and Locoregional Lymph Nodes
	Breast Cancer Classification
	Molecular Techniques in Breast Imaging: A Correlative Approach to the BI-RADS Paradigm
		Conventional Nonmolecular Breast Imaging Modalities
		Molecular Breast Imaging
		Limitations of Early Scintimammography
		Dedicated Molecular Breast-imaging Systems
		Single-photon Gamma Imaging Systems
		Annihilation Coincidence-detection Systems
		Breast-imaging Reporting and Data System
		Clinical Indications and Practical Uses of Molecular Breast Imaging
		Supplemental Breast Cancer Screening
		Diagnostic Problem Solving
		Alternative to Breast MRI
		Image-guided Breast Biopsies
		Molecular Breast Imaging: Key Concepts
	Breast Lymphoscintigraphy and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
		Role of Lymphoscintigraphy in Staging Breast Cancer
		Breast Lymphosintigraphy Injection Techniques
		Breast Lymphoscintigraphic Imaging (Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping)
	Role of PET in Breast Cancer
		Breast Lymphoscintigraphy and SLNB: Key Concepts
		PET in Primary Breast Cancer
		Initial Staging
		PET and Axillary Lymph Node Evaluation
		Distant Metastases
		The Future of PET: Novel PET Agents, PET/MRI, and Theranostics
		Role of PET in Breast Cancer Imaging: Key Concepts
	Incidental Breast Findings in Nuclear Medicine: A Targeted Case Review of New PET Radiotracers and Pediatric-oncologic Patients
		Incidental Breast Findings in Nuclear Medicine: Key Concepts
	References
Chapter 13 Correlative Imaging of Benign Gastrointestinal Disorders
	Oropharyingo-esophageal Tract
		Anatomy and Physiology
		Imaging to Investigate Functional Motility Swallowing Disorders
		Radiologic Evaluation of Esophageal Transit by Barium Swallow Videofluoroscopy
		Radionuclide Evaluation of Oropharyngo-esophageal Transit
		Structural Abnormalities of the Esophagus
		Radiologic Evaluation of Structural Abnormalities of the Esophagus
	Benign Gastric Diseases
		Functional Disorders of Gastric Emptying
		Radionuclide Evaluation of Gastric Emptying
	Small Bowel and Colon
		Anatomy and Physiology
		Functional Disorders of the Small Bowel and Colon Transit
		Radionuclide Evaluation of Small Bowel and Colon Transit
		Structural Abnormalities of the Small Bowel and Colon
		Radiologic Evaluation of Structural Abnormalities of the Small Bowel and Colon
		Ultrasound Imaging
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		CT Imaging
		Radionuclide Evaluation of Structural Abnormalities of the Small Bowel and Colon
	References
Chapter 14 Gastrointestinal Malignancies
	Introduction
	Esophageal Malignancies
		Background
		Metastatic Patterns
		Imaging Considerations
	Gastric Malignancies
		Gastric Adenocarcinoma
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
	Small Bowel Malignancies
		Background
		Imaging Considerations
		Focus on Neuroendocrine Tumors
	Appendiceal Malignancies
		Background
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Mucinous Neoplasms
		Nonmucinous (Colonic-type) Neoplasms
	Colorectal Malignancies
	Anal Malignancy
	Lymphoma
	Genetic Disorders
	Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders
		Celiac Disease
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		HIV
		Helicobacter pylori Infection
		Reflux Esophagitis
	Metastatic Disease to the GI Tract
	Direct Invasion of the GI Tract from Non-GI Malignancy
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Hepatobiliary Imaging
	Introduction
	Congenital Hepatobiliary Disorders
	Neoplasm
	Malignant Liver Tumors
		Origin of Hepatic Metastases
		Imaging of Hepatic Metastases
		Some Specific Tumor Types
		Primary Hepatic Malignancy
	Benign Liver Tumors
	Infection and Inflammation
	Postsurgical Complications and Anatomic Variations
	Vascular
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 16 Correlative Imaging in Endocrine Diseases
	Thyroid Imaging
		Thyroid Anatomy and Approach to Thyroid Nodules
	Ultrasound Imaging and FNA Biopsy
		Thyroid Scintigraphy
		99mTc SPECT/US Fusion Imaging
		Pentavalent 99mTc-DMSA or 99mTc-MIBI Scintigraphy
		The Role of 99mTc-MIBI in the Differentiation of Amiodarone-Induced Thyroid Disease (Type I, II, or III)
		PET and Hybrid Imaging PET/CT or PET/MRI
	124I-PET/US Fusion Imaging
		CT and MRI in Evaluation of the Thyroid Pathologies
		DTC and Use of Hybrid Molecular Imaging
	Parathyroid Imaging
		Overview of the Embryology and Anatomy of Parathyroid Glands
		Overview of the Imaging Modalities used for Evaluation of Parathyroid
		Correlative Imaging Approach in the Detection of Parathyroid Lesions
	4D-CT
		MRI
		99mTc-sestamibi Planar Scintigraphy and SPECT
		PET in the Evaluation of the Parathyroid Glands
	Pituitary Imaging
		Normal Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland
		Role of Various Imaging Modalities in the Evaluation of Pituitary Pathology
		Pituitary Adenomas
		Rathke’s Cleft Cysts
	Adrenal Imaging
		Anatomy of the Adrenal Gland
		Approach to Adrenal Incidentaloma
		Correlative Imaging of the Adrenal Lesions
	Adrenal Myelolipoma
	Adrenal Hemorrhage
	Adrenal Cysts
	Pheochromocytoma
	Adrenocortical Carcinoma
	Adrenal Lymphoma
	Adrenal Metastases
	References
Chapter 17 Correlative Imaging in Neuroendocrine Tumors
	Introduction
	Diagnosis
		Indications for radiological imaging in NETs (focus on GEP NETs)
		Imaging Tests
	Computerized Tomography Imaging
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	Introduction to Functional Imaging
	Overview of Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging and Treatment of NET
	Targets for Functional Imaging of NET
		Agonist vs Antagonists
	Functional Imaging in NETs
	Somatostatin Receptor PET
	FDG PET
	18F-DOPA PET
	123I- or 131I-MIBG
	68Ga-Exendin-4
	Future Perspectives
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18 Nephro-urinary Tract Pathologies: A Correlative Imaging Approach
	Nephro-urinary Tract
		Anatomy
		Image Acquisition
		Evaluation of Nephroureteral Obstruction
		Renovascular Hypertension
		Renal Transplant Evaluation
		Neoplastic Pathologies
		Bladder Cancer
	References
Chapter 19 Correlative Approach to Prostate Imaging
	Background
		Prostate Embryology and Anatomy
		Prostate Diseases
	Nonmolecular Conventional Prostate Imaging
		Ultrasound and Ultrasound-guided Biopsy
		CT Scan
		Multiparametric MRI and MRI-directed Biopsy
	Molecular Prostate Imaging
		Fluorodeoxyglucose
		Choline
		Acetate
		18F-fluciclovine
		Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Ligands
	Other Molecular Tracers
	Bone-specific Imaging in Prostate Cancer
		99mTc-phosphonates
		18F-sodium Fluoride
	Prostate Cancer Theranostics
	PET/MRI
	Future Prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 20 Correlative Imaging of the Female Reproductive System
	Introduction
		Background: Endometrial Cancer
	Staging/Pre-operative Assessment
	The Role of Imaging
		Transvaginal Sonography
	MRI
	FDG PET/CT
	PET/MRI
		The Role of Imaging in Radiation Therapy
		CT Simulation
		Image Guidance
	Imaging in Brachytherapy
	Summary/Future Directions for Endometrial Cancer
	Ovarian Cancer
		Background
		Screening/Pre-operative Assessment
	The Role of Imaging
		Transvaginal Sonography
		Imaging Features on TVS
	CT
	MRI
	FDG PET/CT
	PET/MRI
		Post-therapy Assessment
		CA-125
	CT
	MRI
	FDG PET/CT
	Summary/Future Directions for Ovarian Cancer
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 21 Musculoskeletal Imaging
	Relevant Anatomy
	Normal Variations
		Physiologic Uptake
		Pitfalls
	Trauma and Activity-related Uptake
		Traumatic Fractures
		Stress Injuries
		Heterotopic Ossification
	Inflammatory Arthritis
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
	Degenerative Arthritis
	Infection
		Diabetic Foot
		Osteomyelitis
		Spondylodiscitis
		Periprosthetic and Other Hardware Infection
	Metabolic Bone Disease
		Osteoporosis
		Hyperparathyroidism and Renal Osteodystrophy
		Paget Disease
	Primary Bone and Soft-tissue Tumors
		Initial Detection/Diagnosis and Staging
		Tumor Grading
		Biopsy
		Response to Therapy
		Prognostic Value
		Restaging and Detection of Recurrence
		Newer Technologies and Other PET Agents
	Metastatic Disease
		99mTc-methylene Diphosphonates
		18Fsodium Fluoride
		18F-Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET
	References
Chapter 22 Spine Disorders: Correlative Imaging Approach
	Spinal Infection
		Transmission Mode and Infection Predilection
		Microbiology
		Clinical Features
		Role of Plain X-rays
		Role of CT Scans and MRI
		Bone Scintigraphy, SPECT/CT, and PET/CT
		MRI and PET/CT: A Correlative Approach in Diagnosis
	Primary Spinal Tumors
	Benign Spinal Lesions: A Correlative Approach in Diagnosis
		Osteoid Osteoma
		Osteoblastoma
		Giant Cell Tumor
		Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		Eosinophilic Granuloma
		Fibrous Dysplasia
		Hemangioma
	Malignant Spinal Lesions
		Correlative Approach in Diagnosis
		Lymphoma
		Chordoma
		Ewing Sarcoma/Osteosarcoma
		Multiple Myeloma
	Spine Metastases
		Role of X-ray, CT, and CT Myelography
		Role of Bone Scan
		Bone Scan Pitfalls
		SPECT and SPECT/CT
		Role of MRI
		Role of PET Scan
		Role of Combined Modalities (PET/CT, PET/MRI): Correlative Approach
	Spinal Cord
		Role of MRI
		Role of PET
		MRI and PET: Correlative Approach
	Spinal Trauma
		Role of Plain X-Ray and MDCT
		Role of MRI
		Role of SPECT/CT
	References
Chapter 23 Osteoporosis: Diagnostic Imaging and Value of Multimodality Approach in Differentiating Benign Versus Pathologic Compression Fractures
	Introduction
	Diagnosis
	Imaging
		Conventional Radiography
		Dual-energy Absorptiometry
		CT and Dual-energy CT
		Quantitative Computerized Tomography
		Positron Emission Tomography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Quantitative Ultrasound
	Summary
	References
Chapter 24 Emergency Radiology
	Emergency Imaging
	Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
	Testicular Torsion
		Ultrasonography
		Scintigraphy
	Renal Scintigraphy
		Urinary Tract Obstruction
		Other Acute Renal Conditions
	Lung Scintigraphy
	Central Nervous System Imaging
		Cerebral Perfusion
		Shunt Malfunction
	GI Tract Bleeding
	Hepatobiliary Imaging
		Relevant Anatomy
		99mTc-labeled Cholescintigraphy Scintigraphy
		Acute Cholecystitis
		Biliary Leak
	References
Chapter 25 Correlative Imaging of Pediatric Diseases
	Positron emission tomography in the pediatric patient
		PET-CT
	Neuroimaging with PET-MRI and PET-CT
		Epilepsy Imaging
		18F-Sodium Fluoride PET
	Bone scintigraphy in the pediatric patient
		Bone Scan with 99mTc-labeled Disphosphonates
		Chronic Nonpyogenic Osteomyelitis
		Legg–Calvé–Perthes Disease
		Neurblastoma
	Thyroid Scintigraphy in the Pediatric Patient
		Pathophysiology
		Approach to Pediatric Thyroid Nodules
		Thyroid Malignancy
		Thyroiditis
	SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in the Pediatric Patient
		Coronary Artery Anomalies
		Kawasaki Disease
	Lung Perfusion Imaging in the Pediatric Patient
		Congenital Heart Disease and Vascular Abnormalities
		Cardiac Shunts
		Pulmonary Sequestration
		Postsurgical Evaluation
		Pulmonary Embolism
	Renal Imaging in the Pediatric Patient
		Diuretic Renography: Obstructive Uropathy
		Renal Cortical Scintigraphy: Reflux Nephropathy, Pyelonephritis, and Cortical Abnormality
	Voiding Cystogram: Vesicoureteral Reflux
	Brain flow imaging
		Brain Death
		Cisternography: Shunt Patency
		Ommaya Reservoir
	Gastrointestinal Scintigraphy
		Gastroesophageal Reflux
		Gastric Emptying
	Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the pediatric patient:
		Hepatobliary Scan
	References
Chapter 26 Infection/Inflammation Imaging
	Radiopharmaceuticals
		99mTc Diphosphonates
		67Ga Citrate
		In vitro Labeled Leukocyte Scintigraphy
		18F-fluorodeoxyglucose
	Infections
		Cardiovascular Infections
		Musculoskeletal Infections
		Pulmonary Infections
		Intraabdominal Infections
	Fever of Unknown Origin
	The Future
	References
Chapter 27 Imaging the Lymphatic System
	Lymphatic System
	Lymphedema
	Lymphography
	Subcutaneous Lymphoscintigraphy in Lymphedema
	Intradermal Lymphoscintigraphy in Lymphedema
	Rest/Stress Intradermal Lymphoscintigraphy in Lymphedema
	ICG Lymphography
	Ultrahigh Frequency Ultrasound
	Sentinel Node
	Sentinel Node in Melanoma
	Sentinel Nodes in Breast Cancer
	Sentinel Node in Head and Neck Cancer
	Sentinel Node in Vulvar Cancer
	Sentinel Node in Colorectal Cancer
	Perioperative PET/CT Lymphoscintigraphy
	Supermagnetic Iron Oxide
	Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Scan
	Lymphangiography with Extracellular Gadolinium Chelates
	Non-invasive 3.0 T MR Lymphangiography
	References
Chapter 28 Lymphoma and Myeloma Correlative Imaging
	Lymphoma
	Molecular Imaging Procedures in Lymphoma
	Technical Considerations for the PET/CT Procedure (Patient Preparation, Scan Protocols)
	Lymphoma Staging
		Example
	Response Assessment
		Interim Response
		End-of-Treatment Response (Timing of Study after RT and Chemotherapy, Complete and Partial Response, Residual Tissue)
		Immunotherapy Response
		Examples
	Pitfalls
		False-positive
		False-negative
	PET/CT vs. MRI
		Whole-body DWI MRI
		PET/MRI
		Synopsis
	WB-MRI in Lymphoma Imaging
		Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Aggressive Lymphomas
		Indolent Lymphomas
		Synopsis
	Multiple Myeloma
	What’s New in Myeloma Diagnosis?
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 29 Clinical Application of PET/MRI
	PET/MRI General Introduction
	Application of PET/MRI in the Oncological Setting
		PET/MRI in Brain Tumors
		PET/MRI in Head and Neck Cancer
		PET/MRI in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		PET/MRI in Pancreas Disease
		PET/MRI in Prostate Cancer
		PET/MRI in Rectal Cancer
		PET/MRI in Multiple Myeloma
		PET/MRI in Pediatric Lymphoma
	Application of PET/MRI in Nononcological Setting
		PET/MRI in Brain Dementia
		PET/MRI in Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
		PET/MRI in Vasculitis
		PET/MRI in Cardiac Sarcoidosis
	References
Chapter 30 68Ga-FAPI, a Twin Tracer for 18F-FDG in the Era of Evolving PET Imaging
	Introduction
	FAPI Subtypes, Biodistribution, and Dosimetry
	Imaging Protocol
	Oncologic Application
		Imaging
		Advantages
		Disadvantages
		Target Volume Delineation
		Radionuclide Treatment
	Nononcologic Application
	Future Direction
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 31 Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic Imaging
	Introduction
	Deep learning
	Hardware and Software
	Challenges and Open Directions
	Clinical Examples of AI in Diagnostic Imaging
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 32 Radionuclide Therapies and Correlative Imaging
	Introduction
	Theranostics in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Introduction
		Objectives of Functional Imaging
		Radionuclide Therapy: Indications and Procedure
		Pretreatment
		Therapy Administration
		Post-therapy: Discharge and Follow-Up
		Efficacy
		Safety
	Theranostics in Prostate Cancer
		Introduction
		Objectives of Functional Imaging
		Radionuclide Therapy: Indications and Procedure
		Pre-treatment
		Therapy Administration
		Post-therapy: Discharge and Follow-Up
		Efficacy
		Safety
	mIBG-based Theranostics in Neuroblastoma and Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma
		Introduction
		Objectives of Functional Imaging
		Radionuclide Therapy: Indications and Procedure
		Pretreatment
		Therapy Administration
		Post-therapy: Discharge and Follow-Up
		Efficacy
		Safety
	Radiopharmaceutical Therapies for Pain Palliation from Osseous Metastases
		Introduction
		Objectives of Functional Imaging
		Radionuclide Therapy: Indications and Procedure
		Pretreatment
		Therapy Administration
		Post-Therapy: Discharge and Follow-Up
		Efficacy
		Safety
	Theranostics in Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ Disease, Toxic Adenoma, Toxic Multinodular Goiter)
		Introduction
		Objectives of Functional Imaging
		Radionuclide Therapy: Indications and Procedure
		Pretreatment
		Therapy Administration
		Post-Therapy: Discharge and Follow-Up
		Efficacy
		Safety
	Theranostics in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
		Introduction
		Objectives of Functional Imaging
		Radionuclide Therapy: Indications and Procedure
		Pretreatment
		Therapy Administration
		Post-therapy: Discharge and Follow-Up
		Efficacy
		Safety
	Selective Internal Radiation Therapy for Liver Tumors
		Introduction
		Objectives of Functional Imaging
		Radionuclide Therapy: Indications and Procedure
		Pretreatment
		Therapy Administration
		Post-therapy: Discharge and Follow-Up
		Efficacy
		Safety
	Radioimmunotherapy in Hematologic Malignancies
		Introduction
		Objectives of Functional Imaging
		Radionuclide Therapy: Indications and Procedures
		Efficacy
		Safety
	Future Directions
	References
Index
EULA