Radiology in Global Health: Strategies, Implementation, and Applications

Associate and Assistant Editors\nForeword\nAn Important Discussion About Terminology Use in this Book from the Authors\nSpecial Acknowledgment on Behalf of the Editors and Authors of this Book\nPreface\n	Reference\nContents\nContributors\n1: Introduction\n	Background\n	About This Textbook\n	Summary\n	Reference\nPart I: Global Health Radiology Strategies and Implementation\n	2: Radiology Overview: Defining Radiology and Stakeholders in the Radiology Enterprise\n		Introduction\n			Defining the Radiology Enterprise\n			Defining the Processes\n			Defining the Stakeholders (Personnel)\n			Technologies and Equipment\n			Relationships Among Stakeholders for Service Delivery\n			Radiology Planning\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	3: Access to Imaging Technology in the Developing World\n		Introduction\n		The Definition of “Access”\n		Essential Imaging Technologies in the Developing World\n		Measuring Access to Imaging Technology\n		Understanding Adequate Access\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	4: Radiology Readiness™, Research and Relationship Development\n		Introduction\n		The Radiology Divide\n		Careful Assessment and Planning: Radiology Readiness™\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	5: Economics of Sustainable Radiology in the Developing World\n		Introduction\n		Sustainability\n		Microfinance: Applications in Sustainable Healthcare Projects\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	6: Medical Imaging in the Global Public Health: Donation, Procurement, Installation, and Maintenance\n		Introduction\n		Donated Imaging Equipment Categories\n		Medical Equipment Donation in General\n		Financial Considerations for Donations\n		Shipping and Preparing to Receive\n		Maintenance After Delivery\n		Alternatives to Shipping a Donation\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	7: Medical Imaging Safety in the Developing World\n		Introduction\n		Context for Considering Medical Imaging Safety in the Developing World\n		Importance of Minimizing Dose from Ionizing Radiation\n		Safety for Patients\n		Safety for Staff\n		Safety for the General Public\n		Specific Issues of Importance in Various Imaging Modalities\n			X-Ray and CT\n			MR Imaging\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Ultrasound\n		Communicable Disease Safety and Imaging\n		Safety Related to Trauma\n		Importance of Safety Planning, Inspection, and Training by Qualified Personnel\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	8: Information Technology in Global Health Radiology\n		Introduction\n		Current Status of IT\n		Using Existing Electronic Infrastructure\n		Seven Key Information Technology Steps to Deliver Medical Imaging to Remote and/or Low-Resource Environments\n			Step One: Select and Deploy an Imaging System\n			Step Two: Apply Data Compression\n			Step Three: Transmit Data\n			Step Four: Assure Access to Images by Qualified Interpreters\n			Step Five: Provide for Reporting of Results\n			Step Six: Provide for a Quality Assurance (QA) Program\n			Step Seven: Provide for Network Maintenance and Redundancy\n		Data and System Security and Privacy\n		The Future\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	9: Technologists Role in Global Health Radiology\n		Introduction\n		Didactic Education and Clinical Training\n		Imaging Department Assessment\n		Protocol and Procedure Development\n		Relationship Building\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	10: Cultural Competency in International Health Program Collaboration\n		Introduction\n		Cultural Self-awareness\n			Independent/Interdependent\n			Egalitarian/Status\n			Direct/Indirect\n			Task/Relationship\n		Invite the Unexpected\n		Frame-Shifting\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	11: Educational Strategies and Volunteering in Global Health Radiology\n		Introduction\n		Designing and Planning On-Site Education or Volunteer Programs\n		Choosing a Site\n		Performing a Site Assessment\n		Program Curriculum Development\n		Choosing a Team\n		Preparing for On-Site Experiences\n		Principles of Successful Global Health Imaging Models\n		The Role of Research\n		Funding Considerations\n		Controversies and Socially Responsible Global Outreach\n		Conclusions and Future Directions\n		References\n	12: Legal Nonprofit Planning\n		Part I: US Operations\n			Choice of Entity\n				Section 501(c)(3) Public Charity\n				Section 501(c)(4) Social Welfare Organization\n			Forming and Launching the Entity\n			Operations in the United States\n				Fiscal Sponsors\n				Charitable Deductions\n				Corporate Sponsorships\n		Part II: Moving Individuals and Assets Overseas\n			Moving Individuals Overseas\n				Worker Classification\n				Tax Issues\n				Liability Waivers\n				Visas\n				Insurance\n				Emergency Plans\n				Working in Countries Subject to Embargoes or Sanctions\n			International Transfer of Assets\n				Foreign Corrupt Practices Act\n				Anti-Terrorism Laws\n				Executive Order 13224\n				Treasury’s Voluntary Guidelines\n				Other Restrictions\n				Host Country Restrictions\n		Part III: Operating in a Foreign Jurisdiction\n			Establishing a Foreign Presence\n				Branch Office\n				Forming a Foreign Affiliate\n				Professional Employer Organization\n				Partnering with an Existing Organization\n				Protecting Intellectual Property\n			Conclusion\nPart II: Global Health Radiology Clinical Applications\n	13: Diagnostic Imaging for Global Health: Implementation and Optimization of Radiology in the Developing World\n		Introduction\n		Diseases and Conditions of Public Health Concern Where Radiology Has an Impact\n			Maternal Mortality\n			Infant Mortality\n			Tuberculosis and HIV\n			Cardiovascular Diseases\n			Injury and Trauma\n			Breast Cancer\n			Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis\n		Current Imaging Challenges in Developing Countries\n			Imaging Technology and Infrastructure\n			Human Resources\n			Radiation Protection and Safety\n			Quality Assurance and Accreditation\n			Cultural Attitudes About Radiology and Technology\n		Improving Access to Basic Radiology in Low-Resource Settings\n			Basic Ultrasounds and Radiology\n			Telemedicine\n			Traveling Volunteer Teams and Mobile X-Ray Clinics\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	14: Public Health and International Epidemiology for Radiology\n		Introduction\n		Public Health Radiology: Role of Radiology in Public Health Programs\n			Mammography for Breast Cancer Screening\n			Chest X-Ray for Tuberculosis Screening\n			CT Colonography for Colorectal Cancer Screening\n			Chest X-Ray for Lung Cancer Screening\n			Radiation Safety\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	15: Disaster Response\n		Introduction\n		Defining the Mission\n		Coordination of Disaster Relief Efforts\n		The Role of Radiology in Disaster Relief\n		Case Studies\n			Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004\n				The “Standard” Model\n				The “Advanced” Model\n			Haiti Earthquake 2010\n			Looking Ahead\n		References\n	16: Infectious Disease Imaging\n		Introduction\n		Background\n		Thoracic Radiography\n		Abdominal Radiography\n		Extremity Radiography\n		Cardiac Ultrasound\n		Abdominal Ultrasound\n		Fetal Ultrasound\n		Computed Tomography\n		Central Nervous System CT\n		Thoracoabdominal CT\n		Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		Musculoskeletal MRI\n		Applications of PET and SPECT\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	17: Interventional Procedures for Global Health Radiology\n		Introduction\n		The Cost-Effective Approach\n		Interventional Radiology Training and Education\n		Innovative Strategies for Interventional Radiology Outreach\n			Fluoroscopically Guided Interventional Radiology\n			Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Radiology\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	18: Cardiovascular Imaging in Global Health Radiology\n		Introduction\n		Current Cardiac Imaging\n		Approaches to Cardiac Imaging in the Developing World\n		The Need for Optimized Referral and Treatment\n		Future Directions for Cardiovascular Imaging in Developing Countries\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	19: Pediatric Imaging in Global Health Radiology\n		Introduction\n		Challenges for Pediatric Radiology in the Developing World\n		Appropriate Use of Advanced Imaging: ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable)\n		Imaging Appearance of Common Pediatric Clinical Disease\n			Tuberculosis\n			HIV/AIDS\n			Diarrhea\n			Malaria\n			Parasitic Infections\n			Neonatal Pneumonia, Meconium Aspiration, and Surfactant Deficiency\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	20: Prenatal Maternal-Fetal Imaging for Global Health Radiology\n		Introduction\n			Background and Epidemiology\n		Role of Imaging\n			Causes of Maternal Mortality\n				Maternal Hemorrhage\n					Ectopic Pregnancy\n					Abnormalities of the Placenta and Cord\n						Implantation Abnormalities\n					Previa\n					Gestational Trophoblastic Disease\n					Abortion\n			Maternal Sepsis\n			Causes of Perinatal Mortality\n				Fetal Growth Restriction\n				Abnormal Lie and Malpresentation\n			Causes Affecting Both Maternal and Fetal Health\n				Multiple Gestation Pregnancies\n				Hydrops Fetalis\n			Safety and Efficacy of Obstetric Ultrasound\n				Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Concerns\n				Sociopolitical Challenges\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	21: Trauma Imaging in Global Health Radiology\n		Introduction\n		Clinical Considerations in Trauma\n			Traumatic Brain Injury\n			Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury\n			Abdominal Injury\n			Extremity Injury\n		Evidence-Based Strategy for Treatment of Trauma\n			Trauma Teams\n			World Health Organization Essential Trauma Care Project\n		Conclusion\n		References\n	22: Women’s Imaging in Global Health Radiology\n		Introduction\n		Epidemiology\n			Breast Cancer\n			Osteoporosis\n		Screening Recommendations\n			Breast Cancer\n			Osteoporosis\n		Program Quality Control\n			Breast Imaging\n			BMD Measurement\n		Cost of Screening and Follow-Up Care\n			Breast Cancer\n			Osteoporosis\n			Packaging Health care Interventions\n		Referral Patterns and Outcomes\n			Breast Cancer\n			Osteoporosis\n		Barriers to Care\n			Breast Cancer\n			Osteoporosis\n		Mobile Imaging\n			Mobile Breast Imaging\n			Mobile Osteoporosis Screening\n		RAD-AID’s Experience with Women’s Mobile Imaging\n		Conclusion\n		References\nIndex