Radiological Imaging of the Neonatal Chest

Radiological Imaging of the Neonatal Chest, 2nd Revised Edition......Page 1
Front-matter......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Foreword......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Table of Contents (with page links)......Page 7
1.1.2 Early Embryonic Development......Page 9
1.1.3.1 The Maturation of the Lungs......Page 10
1.1.4.2 Early Chamber Formation......Page 11
1.1.4.6 Development of the Atrial Septum......Page 12
1.1.6 Embryology of the Diaphragm......Page 13
1.1.7.3 Sternum......Page 14
1.2.3 Heart and Great Vessels......Page 15
1.2.4 Thymus......Page 16
1.2.5 The Chest Wall and Diaphragm......Page 17
References......Page 18
2.2 Ventilatory Support......Page 19
2.2.1 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure......Page 20
2.2.2 Continuous Mandatory Ventilation......Page 22
2.2.3 High Frequency Ventilation......Page 26
2.2.4 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation......Page 30
2.2.5 Liquid Ventilation......Page 34
2.3.1 Surfactant......Page 37
2.3.2 Nitric Oxide......Page 42
2.4 Prenatal Medicine......Page 45
Reference......Page 48
3.1.1 Indications......Page 54
3.1.2 Radiographic Technique......Page 55
3.1.3.1 The Normal Neonatal Chest Radiograph......Page 56
3.1.3.2 Nasogastric, Replogle and Endotracheal Tubes......Page 57
3.1.3.4 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Catheters (ECMO)......Page 59
3.2.1.1 Introduction......Page 60
3.2.1.3 Computed Radiography (CR)......Page 61
3.3.1.1 Hard Copy Versus Soft Copy......Page 62
3.3.1.2 DICOM......Page 63
3.3.2.2 Pre-processing......Page 64
3.3.2.3.2 Edge Enhancement......Page 65
3.4.1 Introduction......Page 67
3.4.2 Image Quality and Radiation Dose Considerations......Page 68
3.5 Computer-Aided Diagnosis......Page 70
References......Page 71
4.2 Pathophysiology......Page 74
4.3 Radiographic Findings and New Treatments......Page 75
4.4 Air Leaks......Page 80
4.5 Atelectasis......Page 81
4.7 Pulmonary Haemorrhage......Page 82
4.8 Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease......Page 83
4.9 Conclusion......Page 85
References......Page 86
5.2 Pathophysiology and Clinical Course......Page 87
5.3 Radiographic Findings......Page 88
References......Page 89
6.1 Introduction......Page 90
6.3 Pathophysiology of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome......Page 91
6.4 Infl ammation......Page 93
6.5 Signs and Symptoms......Page 94
6.6.1 Conventional Mechanical Ventilation......Page 96
6.6.5 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation......Page 97
6.6.5.2 Duration of ECMO Support......Page 98
6.7 Long-term Pulmonary Sequelae of MAS......Page 99
References......Page 100
7.2 Clinical Considerations......Page 103
7.3 Radiological Considerations......Page 104
7.4.1 Transplacental Infection......Page 105
7.4.2.1 Clinical Considerations......Page 107
7.4.2.3.1 Bacterial......Page 108
7.4.2.3.2 Viral......Page 109
Chlamydia Trachomatis......Page 110
Ureaplasma Urealyticum......Page 111
7.4.3 Postnatal/Nosocomial Infections......Page 112
References......Page 113
8.2.1 Basics of Lung Embryology, Fetal Lung Development and Pathology......Page 116
8.3.1 Sonography of the Fetal Chest......Page 118
8.3.2 Bronchopulmonary Malformations......Page 120
8.3.5 Pleural Eff usion......Page 121
8.3.7 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)......Page 129
8.4.2 Management of Asymptomatic Patients with Prenatally Recognized CLL......Page 132
References......Page 138
9.1.1 Oesophageal Atresia and Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula......Page 142
9.2.2 Pulmonary Hypoplasia......Page 146
9.2.2.5 Pulmonary Venolobar Syndrome (Scimitar Syndrome)......Page 147
9.2.4 Congenital Lobar Emphysema (CLE)......Page 149
9.2.6 Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM)......Page 150
9.2.7 Sequestration......Page 153
9.2.9 Oesophageal Bronchi......Page 156
9.2.10 Bronchogenic Cysts......Page 157
9.2.15 Abnormalities in Situs......Page 158
9.3.1 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Bochdalek Type......Page 159
9.3.3 Eventration of the Diaphragm......Page 160
References......Page 163
10.2 Nasal Anomalies......Page 166
10.3 Oral Airway Anomalies......Page 167
10.5 Laryngeal Malformations......Page 168
10.6 Upper Airway Cysts/Masses......Page 170
10.7 Tracheomalacia......Page 173
10.8 Congenital Tracheal Stenosis......Page 175
References......Page 177
11.2 Central Airways......Page 179
11.2.2.1.4 Contrast Bronchography......Page 180
11.3.1 Anatomical and Embryological Considerations......Page 181
11.3.3.1 Double Aortic Arch......Page 183
11.3.3.2 Right Aortic Arch with Left-Sided Ligamentum......Page 185
11.3.4 Incomplete Vascular Rings......Page 186
11.3.4.2 Innominate Artery Compression......Page 187
11.3.4.3 Other......Page 188
11.4.2 Major Aortico-Pulmonary Collateral Artery (MAPCA)......Page 189
11.6 Intrinsic Airway Abnormalities......Page 190
11.6.2.1 Congenital Tracheal Stenosis......Page 191
11.7.1.1.1 Tracheal Bronchus......Page 193
11.7.1.2 Bronchial Atresia......Page 194
11.7.2.1 Congenital Lobar Overinflflation......Page 195
References......Page 196
12.2 Technique......Page 198
12.2.1 Imaging Approach to the Mediastinum......Page 199
12.3.1.1 Thymus......Page 201
12.3.1.2 Trachea......Page 202
12.3.1.3 Oesophagus......Page 204
12.3.2.1 Imaging Approach......Page 206
12.3.2.2 Congenital Vascular Anomalies......Page 208
12.4.1 Diaphragmatic Hernias......Page 209
12.5.1.1 Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation......Page 216
12.5.1.2 Congenital Lobar Emphysema......Page 218
12.5.1.6 Scimitar Syndrome......Page 219
12.6 Use of Chest Ultrasound in Neonatal Intensive Care......Page 221
References......Page 223
13.1 Introduction......Page 227
13.4.1 Subcostal Views......Page 228
13.4.3 Parasternal Views......Page 229
13.5 Segmental Cardiac Anatomy......Page 232
13.5.5 Left Atrium and Pulmonary Veins......Page 233
13.5.10 Ventriculo-Arterial Relationship......Page 234
13.7 Echocardiographic Tools Available for Analysis of Ventricular Function......Page 235
13.8.1 Dimension-Derived Indices......Page 236
13.8.2 The Stress–Velocity Index......Page 237
13.8.3 Doppler Tissue Imaging (DTI) and Strain Rate Imaging......Page 238
13.9.1 Doppler-Derived Indices......Page 239
13.10 Global Left Ventricular Dysfunction......Page 241
13.11 Right Ventricular Dysfunction......Page 242
References......Page 243
14.2.1 General Setting......Page 248
14.2.2 Pulse Sequences......Page 249
14.3.1 Thoracic Vasculature......Page 252
References......Page 257
15.1 Introduction......Page 260
15.3.1 Technical Considerations......Page 261
15.3.2 Evaluation......Page 262
15.3.2.1 Lung Vessels......Page 263
15.3.2.2 Aeration......Page 264
15.3.2.3 The Heart......Page 266
15.3.2.5 Large Airways......Page 267
15.3.2.8 Skeleton......Page 270
15.3.2.9 Arrangement of the Organs......Page 272
References......Page 273
16.1 Introduction......Page 274
16.2.1 Ultrasonography......Page 275
16.2.3 Angiocardiography......Page 276
16.2.3.2 Complications......Page 277
16.3 Intervention in Congenital Heart Disease......Page 278
16.4 Transposition of the Great Arteries......Page 279
16.5 Tetralogy of Fallot......Page 280
16.7 Pulmonary Atresia withIntact Ventricular Septum......Page 282
16.9 Single Ventricle......Page 284
16.10 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)......Page 285
16.11.2 Aortic Valve Stenosis......Page 286
16.11.3 Mitral Valve Stenosis......Page 287
16.12.1 Pulmonary Artery Banding......Page 289
16.12.2 Peripheral Pulmonary Artery Stenosis......Page 290
16.12.4 Coarctation of the Aorta......Page 291
16.12.5.2 Pulmonary Vein Stenosis......Page 294
16.12.6 Stent in Ductus Arteriosus......Page 295
16.13 Closure of Atrial Septal Defects......Page 296
16.14 Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects......Page 298
16.15.1 Persistent Arterial Duct......Page 300
16.15.2.3 Arteria Mammaria Interna......Page 303
16.15.3 Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries with a Shunt......Page 304
16.15.5 Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula......Page 305
16.15.6 Large Arteriovenous Malformations in Other Locations......Page 307
16.16 Closure of Veins......Page 309
16.16.1 Postoperative Abnormal Venous Connections......Page 310
16.17 Removal of Intracardiac orIntravascular Foreign Body......Page 311
References......Page 315
17.1 Introduction......Page 317
17.2.1 Spatial and Temporal Resolution......Page 318
17.2.2 Radiation Dose Considerations......Page 319
17.2.3 Scanning Technique for MDCT Angiography for Infants and Small Children......Page 321
17.3 Complementary Role of MDCT and MRI for Cardiac Imaging......Page 325
17.4.1.1 Coarctation......Page 326
17.4.1.2 Interrupted Aortic Arch......Page 327
17.4.2.1 Anomalous Coronary Artery......Page 328
17.4.2.2 Kawasaki Disease......Page 330
17.4.3.2 Pulmonary Vein Anomalies......Page 331
17.4.4 Airway Compromise in Patients with CHD......Page 337
17.4.5 Postoperative Congenital Heart Disease......Page 338
17.5 Conclusion......Page 342
References......Page 343
18.2 Anatomic, Pathophysiologic, and Nosologic Considerations......Page 345
18.3 Thanatophoric Dysplasia (OMIM 187600)......Page 347
18.6 Short-Rib Dysplasia Group......Page 349
18.7 Metaphyseal Dysplasia with Pancreatic Insufficiency and Cyclic Neutropenia (Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond, OMIM 260400)......Page 350
18.8 Achondrogenesis II and Hypochondrogenesis (OMIM 200610)......Page 351
18.9 Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular Syndrome (OMIM 117650)......Page 352
18.11 Spondylocostal Dysostosis (OMIM 277300)......Page 353
References......Page 354
Subject Index......Page 355
List of Contributors......Page 359