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ویرایش: 11
نویسندگان: Stewart C. Bushong ScD FAAPM FACR
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9780323353779, 0323353770
ناشر: Mosby
سال نشر: 2016
تعداد صفحات: 682
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 113 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and Protection به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب علم رادیولوژی برای فناوران: فیزیک، زیست شناسی و حفاظت نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
مهارت هایی را که برای تولید ایمن و موثر تصاویر پزشکی با کیفیت بالا نیاز دارید با علوم رادیولوژی برای فناوران: فیزیک، زیست شناسی و حفاظت، ویرایش یازدهم توسعه دهید . این نسخه جدید که با جدیدترین پیشرفتها در این زمینه سازماندهی و به روز شده است، با برنامه درسی ASRT همسو میشود تا درک شما از مفاهیم کلیدی را تقویت کند و شما را برای موفقیت در آزمون گواهینامه ARRT و در عمل بالینی آماده کند. این متن که بهعنوان یک منبع اصلی برای دورههای فناوری تصویربرداری پزشکی تثبیت شده است، پایهای قوی در مطالعه و تمرین فیزیک رادیولوژیک، تصویربرداری و قرار گرفتن در معرض، رادیوبیولوژی، حفاظت در برابر اشعه، و موارد دیگر به شما میدهد.
Develop the skills you need to safely and effectively produce high-quality medical images with Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and Protection, 11th Edition. Reorganized and updated with the latest advances in the field, this new edition aligns with the ASRT curriculum to strengthen your understanding of key concepts, and prepare you for success on the ARRT certification exam and in clinical practice. Firmly established as a core resource for medical imaging technology courses, this text gives you a strong foundation in the study and practice of radiologic physics, imaging and exposure, radiobiology, radiation protection, and more.
Front Cover Inside Front Cover Evolve Ad Radiologic Science for Technologists Copyright Page Reviewers Dedication This Book is also Dedicated to My Friends Here and Gone: Dedication – Saintly Stitchers Preface Purpose and Content Historical Perspective New to This Edition Ancillaries Student Workbook Evolve Resources A Note on the Text Acknowledgments Table Of Contents I Radiologic Physics 1 Essential Concepts of Radiologic Science Outline Objectives Nature of Our Surroundings Matter and Energy Sources of Ionizing Radiation Discovery of X-Rays Development of Medical Imaging Reports of Radiation Injury Basic Radiation Protection Filtration Collimation Protective Apparel Gonadal Shielding Protective Barriers Standard Units of Measurement Length Mass Time Units Mechanics Velocity Acceleration Newton’s Laws of Motion Weight Momentum Work Power Energy Heat Terminology for Radiologic Science Numeric Prefixes Radiologic Units Air Kerma (Kinetic Energy Released in Matter) (Gya). Absorbed Dose (Gyt). Effective Dose, Sievert (Sv). Radioactivity, Becquerel (Bq). The Medical Imaging Team Summary Challenge Questions 2 The Structure of Matter Outline Objectives Centuries of Discovery Greek Atom Dalton Atom Thomson Atom Bohr Atom Fundamental Particles Atomic Structure Electron Arrangement Electron Binding Energy Atomic Nomenclature Combinations of Atoms Radioactivity Radioisotopes Radioactive Half-life Types of Ionizing Radiation Particulate Radiation Electromagnetic Radiation Summary Challenge Questions 3 Electromagnetic Energy Outline Objectives Photons Velocity and Amplitude Frequency and Wavelength Electromagnetic Spectrum Measurement of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Visible Light Radiofrequency Ionizing Radiation Waves and Particles Wave Model: Visible Light Inverse Square Law Particle Model: Quantum Theory Matter and Energy Summary Challenge Questions 4 Electricity, Magnetism, and Electromagnetism Outline Objectives Electrostatics Electrostatic Laws Coulomb’s Law. Electric Potential Electrodynamics Electric Circuits Electric Power Magnetism Magnetic Laws Magnetic Induction Electromagnetism Electromagnetic Induction Electromechanical Devices The Transformer Summary Challenge Questions II X-Radiation 5 The X-ray Imaging System Outline Objectives Operating Console Autotransformer Adjustment of Kilovolt Peak (kVp) Control of Milliamperage (mA) Filament Transformer Exposure Timers Synchronous Timers Electronic Timers mAs Timers Automatic Exposure Control High-Voltage Generator High-Voltage Transformer Voltage Rectification Single-Phase Power Three-Phase Power High-Frequency Generator Capacitor Discharge Generator Falling Load Generator Voltage Ripple Power Rating X-ray Circuit Summary Challenge Questions 6 The X-ray Tube Outline Objectives External Components Ceiling Support System Floor-to-Ceiling Support System C-Arm Support System Protective Housing Glass or Metal Enclosure Internal Components Cathode Anode X-ray Tube Failure Rating Charts Radiographic Rating Chart Anode Cooling Chart Housing Cooling Chart Summary Challenge Questions 7 X-ray Production Outline Objectives Electron Target Interactions Anode Heat Characteristic Radiation Bremsstrahlung Radiation X-Ray Emission Spectrum Characteristic X-ray Spectrum Bremsstrahlung X-ray Spectrum Factors Affecing the X-ray Emission Spectrum Effect of mA and mAs Effect of kVp Effect of Added Filtration Effect of Target Material Effect of Voltage Waveform Summary Challenge Questions 8 X-ray Emission Outline Objectives X-ray Quantity X-ray Intensity Factors That Affect X-ray Quantity X-ray Quality Penetrability Half-Value Layer Factors That Affect X-ray Quality Types of Filtration Summary Challenge Questions 9 X-ray Interaction With Matter Outline Objectives Five X-ray Interactions With Matter Coherent Scattering Compton Scattering Photoelectric Effect Pair Production Photodisintegration Differential Absorption Dependence on Atomic Number Dependence on Mass Density Contrast Examinations Exponential Attenuation Summary Challenge Questions III The Radiographic Image 10 Radiographic Image Quality Outline Objectives Definitions Radiographic Image Quality Resolution Noise Speed Film Factors Characteristic Curve Optical Density Film Processing Geometric Factors Magnification Distortion Focal-Spot Blur Heel Effect Subject Factors Subject Contrast Patient Thickness. Tissue Mass Density. Effective Atomic Number. Object Shape. Kilovolt Peak. Motion Blur Tools for Improved Radiographic Image Quality Patient Positioning Image Receptors Selection of Technique Factors Summary Challenge Questions 11 Scatter Radiation Outline Objectives Production of Scatter Radiation kVp Field Size Patient Thickness Control of Scatter Radiation Effect of Scatter Radiation on Image Contrast Beam Restrictors Radiographic Grids Grid Performance Contrast Improvement Factor Bucky Factor Grid Types Parallel Grid Crossed Grid Focused Grid Moving Grid Grid Problems Off-Level Grid Off-Center Grid Off-Focus Grid Upside-Down Grid Grid Selection Patient Radiation Dose Air-Gap Technique Summary Challenge Questions 12 Screen-Film Radiography Outline Objectives Radiographic Film Base Emulsion Types of Film Screen Film Direct-Exposure Film Mammography Film Handling and Storage of Film Heat and Humidity Light Radiation Formation of the Latent Image Silver Halide Crystal Photon Interaction With Silver Halide Crystal Latent Image Radiographic Intensifying Screens Protective Coating Phosphor Reflective Layer Base Screen Characteristics Screen Speed Image Noise Spatial Resolution Screen-Film Combinations Cassette Carbon Fiber Screen-Film Radiographic Exposure Rare Earth Screens Care of Screens Film Processing Processing Chemistry Wetting Development Fixing Washing Drying Automatic Processing Transport System Temperature Control System Circulation System Replenishment System Dryer System Summary Challenge Questions 13 Screen-Film Radiographic Technique Outline Objectives Exposure Factors Kilovolt Peak Milliamperes Exposure Time Distance Imaging System Characteristics Focal-Spot Size Filtration High-Voltage Generation Patient Factors Thickness Composition Pathology Image-Quality Factors Optical Density Image Contrast Image Detail Distortion Radiographic Technique Charts Automatic Exposure Techniques Tomography Magnification Radiography Summary Challenge Questions IV The Digital Radiographic Image 14 Medical Imaging Computer Science Outline Objectives History of Computers Computer Architecture Computer Language Components Applications to Medical Imaging Summary Challenge Questions 15 Computed Radiography Outline Objectives The Computed Radiography Image Receptor Photostimulable Luminescence Imaging Plate Light Stimulation–Emission The Computed Radiography Reader Mechanical Features Optical Features Computer Control Imaging Characteristics Image Receptor Response Function Image Noise Patient Characteristics Patient Radiation Dose Workload Summary Challenge Questions 16 Digital Radiography Outline Objectives Scanned Projection Radiography Charge-Coupled Device Cesium Iodide/Charge- Coupled Device Cesium Iodide/Amorphous Silicon Amorphous Selenium Digital Mammography Summary Challenge Questions 17 Digital Radiographic Technique Outline Objectives Spatial Resolution Spatial Frequency Modulation Transfer Function Contrast Resolution Dynamic Range Postprocessing Signal-to-Noise Ratio Contrast-Detail Curve Patient Radiation Dose Considerations Image Receptor Response Detective Quantum Efficiency Summary Challenge Questions 18 Viewing the Digital Image Outline Objectives Photometric Quantities Response of the Eye Photometric Units Cosine Law Hard Copy–Soft Copy Liquid Crystal Display Display Characteristics Image Luminance Light-Emitting Diode Display Backlight Ambient Light Preprocessing the Digital Radiographic Image Postprocessing the Digital Radiographic Image Picture Archiving and Communication System Network Storage System Summary Challenge Questions V Image Artifacts and Quality Control 19 Screen-Film Radiographic Artifacts Outline Objectives Exposure Artifacts Processing Artifacts Roller Marks Dirty Rollers Chemical Fog Wet-Pressure Sensitization Handling and Storage Artifacts Light or Radiation Fog Pressure or Kink Marks Static Hypo Retention Summary Challenge Questions 20 Screen-Film Radiographic Quality Control Outline Objectives Quality Assurance Quality Control Screen-Film Radiographic Quality Control Filtration Collimation Focal-Spot Size Kilovolt Peak Calibration Exposure Timer Accuracy Exposure Linearity Exposure Reproducibility Radiographic Intensifying Screens Protective Apparel Film Illuminators Tomography Quality Control Processor Quality Control Processor Cleaning Processor Maintenance Processor Monitoring Summary Challenge Questions 21 Digital Radiographic Artifacts Outline Objectives Image Receptor Artifacts Software Artifacts Preprocessing Image Compression Object Artifacts Image Histogram Collimation and Partition Alignment Challenge Questions 22 Digital Radiographic Quality Control Outline Objectives Performance Assessment Standards SMPTE NEMA-DICOM DIN 2001 VESA AAPM TG 18 Luminance Meter Digital Display Device Quality Control Geometric Distortion Reflection Luminance Response Display Resolution Display Noise Quality Control by the Radiologic Technologist Summary Challenge Questions VI Advanced X-Ray Imaging 23 Mammography Outline Objectives Soft Tissue Radiography Basis for Mammography Risk of Breast Cancer Types of Mammography Breast Anatomy The Mammographic Imaging System High-Voltage Generation Target Composition Focal-Spot Size Filtration Heel Effect Compression Grids Automatic Exposure Control Magnification Mammography Screen-Film Mammography Digital Mammography Summary Challenge Questions 24 Mammography Quality Control Outline Objectives Quality Control Team Radiologist Medical Physicist Mammographer Screen-Film Quality Control Daily Tasks Darkroom Cleanliness. Weekly Tasks Monthly Tasks Quarterly Tasks Semiannual Tasks Nonroutine Tasks Digital Quality Control Summary Challenge Questions 25 Fluoroscopy Outline Objectives An Overview Special Demands of Fluoroscopy Illumination Visual Physiology Fluoroscopic Technique Image Intensification Image-Intensifier Tube Multifield Image Intensification Fluoroscopic Image Monitoring Television Monitoring Image Recording Fluoroscopy Quality Control Exposure Rate Spot-Film Exposures Automatic Exposure Systems Summary Challenge Questions 26 Digital Fluoroscopy Outline Objectives Digital Fluoroscopy Imaging System Image Receptor Charge-Coupled Device Flat Panel Image Receptor Image Display Video System Flat Panel Image Display Digital Subtraction Angiography Image Formation Roadmapping Patient Radiation Dose Summary Challenge Questions 27 Interventional Radiology Outline Objectives Types of Interventional Procedures Basic Principles Arterial Access Guidewires Catheters Contrast Media Patient Preparation and Monitoring Risks of Arteriography Interventional Radiology Suite Personnel Equipment Summary Challenge Questions 28 Computed Tomography Outline Objectives Principles of Operation Generations of Computed Tomography Multislice Helical Computed Tomography Interpolation Algorithms Pitch Sensitivity Profile Imaging System Design Operating Console Computer Gantry Slip-Ring Technology Image Characteristics Image Matrix Computed Tomography Numbers Image Reconstruction Multiplanar Reformation Image Quality Spatial Resolution Contrast Resolution Noise Linearity Uniformity Imaging Technique Multislice Detector Array Data Acquisition Rate Computed Tomography Quality Control Noise and Uniformity Linearity Spatial Resolution Contrast Resolution Slice Thickness Couch Incrementation Laser Localizer Summary Challenge Questions VII Radiobiology 29 Human Biology Outline Objectives Human Radiation Response Composition of the Human Body Cell Theory Molecular Composition The Human Cell Cell Function Cell Proliferation Mitosis Meiosis Tissues and Organs Summary Challenge Questions 30 Fundamental Principles of Radiobiology Outline Objectives Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau Physical Factors That Affect Radiosensitivity Linear Energy Transfer Relative Biologic Effectiveness Protraction and Fractionation Biologic Factors That Affect Radiosensitivity Oxygen Effect Age Recovery Chemical Agents Hormesis Radiation Dose-Response Relationships Linear Dose-Response Relationships Nonlinear Dose-Response Relationships Constructing a Dose-Response Relationship Summary Challenge Questions 31 Molecular Radiobiology Outline Objectives Irradiation of Macromolecules Main-Chain Scission Cross-Linking Point Lesions Macromolecular Synthesis Radiation Effects on DNA Radiolysis of Water Direct and Indirect Effects Summary Challenge Questions 32 Cellular Radiobiology Outline Objectives Target Theory Cell-Survival Kinetics Single-Target, Single-Hit Model Multi-Target, Single-Hit Model Recovery Cell-Cycle Effects Radiation Effect Modification Summary Challenge Questions 33 Deterministic Effects of Radiation Outline Objectives Acute Radiation Lethality Prodromal Period Latent Period Manifest Illness LD50/60 Mean Survival Time Local Tissue Damage Effects on the Skin Effects on the Gonads Hematologic Effects Hemopoietic System Hemopoietic Cell Survival Cytogenetic Effects Normal Karyotype Single-Hit Chromosome Aberrations Multi-Hit Chromosome Aberrations Kinetics of Chromosome Aberration The Human Genome Summary Challenge Questions 34 Stochastic Effects of Radiation Outline Objectives Local Tissue Effects Skin Chromosomes Cataracts Life Span Shortening Risk Estimates Relative Risk Excess Risk Absolute Risk Radiation-Induced Malignancy Leukemia Cancer Total Risk of Malignancy Nuclear Reactor Incidents BEIR Committee Radiation and Pregnancy Effects on Fertility Irradiation in Utero Genetic Effects Summary Challenge Questions VIII Radiation Protection 35 Health Physics Outline Objectives Radiation and Health Cardinal Principles of Radiation Protection Minimize Time Maximize Distance Use Shielding Effective Dose Radiologic Terrorism Radiologic Device Radiation Protection Guidance Radiation Detection and Measurement Equipment Summary Challenge Questions 36 Designing for Radiation Protection Outline Objectives Radiographic Protection Features Protective X-ray Tube Housing Control Panel Source-to-Image Receptor Distance Indicator Collimation Positive-Beam Limitation Beam Alignment Filtration Reproducibility Linearity Operator Shield Mobile X-ray Imaging System Fluoroscopic Protection Features Source-to-Skin Distance Primary Protective Barrier Filtration Collimation Exposure Control Bucky Slot Cover Protective Curtain Cumulative Timer Dose Area Product Design of Protective Barriers Type of Radiation Factors That Affect Barrier Thickness Radiation Detection and Measurement Gas-Filled Detectors Scintillation Detectors Thermoluminescence Dosimetry Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry Summary Challenge Questions 37 Radiography/Fluoroscopy Patient Radiation Dose Outline Objectives Characteristics of Projection Imaging Patient Radiation Dose Descriptions Entrance Skin Exposure Mean Marrow Dose Genetically Significant Dose Tissue Dose Digital Radiographic Tomosynthesis Fluoroscopic Patient Radiation Dose Effective Dose Summary Challenge Questions 38 Computed Tomography Patient Radiation Dose Outline Objectives Computed Tomography Dose Delivery Patient Radiation Dose Distribution Radiation Dose Profile Computed Tomography Output Intensity Computed Tomography Dose Index Dose Length Product Size-Specific Dose Estimates Effective Dose Challenge Questions 39 Patient Radiation Dose Management Outline Objectives Patient Radiation Dose in Special Examinations Reduction of Unnecessary Patient Radiation Dose Unnecessary Examinations Repeat Examinations Radiographic Technique Image Receptor Patient Positioning Specific Area Shielding The Pregnant Patient Radiobiologic Considerations Patient Information Patient Radiation Dose Trends Appropriateness Summary Challenge Questions 40 Occupational Radiation Dose Management Outline Objectives Occupational Radiation Exposure Fluoroscopy Interventional Radiology Mammography Computed Tomography Surgery Mobile Radiology Radiation Dose Limits Whole-Body Dose Limits Dose Limits for Tissues and Organs Public Exposure Educational Considerations Reduction of Occupational Radiation Exposure Occupational Radiation Monitoring Where to Wear the Occupational Radiation Monitor Occupational Radiation Monitoring Report Protective Apparel Position Patient Holding Pregnant Technologist/Radiologist Management Principles Summary Challenge Questions Glossary Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Inside Back Cover