Radio network planning and optimisation for UMTS

Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 20
Abbreviations......Page 22
1.1 A Brief Look at Cellular History......Page 36
1.2 Evolution of Radio Network Planning......Page 37
1.3 Introduction to Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS......Page 40
1.4 Future Trends......Page 44
1.4.1 Towards a Service-driven Network Management......Page 45
1.4.2 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)......Page 46
1.4.3 Next-generation Mobile Communication......Page 50
References......Page 51
2.1.1 Multiple Access......Page 54
2.1.2 Spread Spectrum Modulation......Page 55
2.1.3 Tolerance of Narrowband Interference......Page 56
2.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System......Page 57
2.2.1 Modulation Example......Page 58
2.2.2 Tolerance of Wideband Interference......Page 59
2.2.3 Operation in Multi-path Environment......Page 61
2.3.2 Soft Handover......Page 62
2.4.1 High-level UMTS Architecture Model......Page 63
2.4.2 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture and Logical Channels......Page 65
2.4.3 Transport Channels......Page 72
2.4.4 Physical Channels and Mapping of Transport Channels (FDD)......Page 80
2.4.5 High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)......Page 95
2.4.6 Timing and Synchronisation in UTRAN (FDD)......Page 100
2.4.7 Spreading, Scrambling and Channelisation Concepts......Page 104
2.5 WCDMA Radio Link Performance Indicators......Page 110
2.5.1 Definitions......Page 111
2.5.2 Classification according to Multi-path Channel Conditions and Services......Page 115
2.5.3 Link-level Simulation Principles......Page 118
2.5.4 Physical-layer Measurements Supporting the Measurement of Link-level Performance in a Live Network......Page 124
References......Page 126
3 WCDMA Radio Network Planning......Page 128
3.1.1 WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets......Page 130
3.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation......Page 133
3.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation......Page 134
3.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase......Page 135
3.1.6 Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA......Page 137
3.1.7 RNC Dimensioning......Page 140
3.2 Detailed Planning......Page 144
3.2.1 General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool......Page 145
3.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout......Page 159
3.2.3 Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations......Page 164
3.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations......Page 172
3.2.5 Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common Channel Analysis......Page 174
3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations......Page 177
3.3.1 Macro-cellular Network Layout......Page 178
3.3.2 Introduction to the Simulation Parameters......Page 179
3.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator......Page 184
3.4.2 Comparison of the Results......Page 186
3.5.1 Ideal Case......Page 189
3.5.2 Shinjuku Case......Page 193
3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment......Page 197
3.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference......Page 198
3.6.2 Minimum Coupling Loss......Page 199
3.6.4 ACI Simulation Cases......Page 201
3.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI......Page 209
3.7 Cell Deployment Strategies......Page 210
3.7.1 Rollout......Page 211
3.7.2 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks......Page 212
References......Page 229
4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management......Page 232
4.2.1 Open-loop Power Control......Page 233
4.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels......Page 235
4.2.3 Inner-loop Power Control......Page 236
4.2.4 Outer-loop Power Control......Page 242
4.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode......Page 244
4.2.7 Fast Power Control and User Equipment Speed......Page 245
4.3 Handover Control......Page 246
4.3.1 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Soft Handover......Page 247
4.3.3 Intra-system–Inter-frequency Handover......Page 248
4.3.5 Handover Measurement Reporting......Page 249
4.3.6 Compressed Mode......Page 258
4.3.7 Inter-system Handover Procedure......Page 259
4.4.1 Definition of Air Interface Load......Page 268
4.4.2 Admission Control......Page 270
4.4.3 Packet Scheduling......Page 272
4.4.4 Load Control......Page 277
4.5.1 The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink......Page 279
4.5.2 Code Management......Page 280
4.6.1 Power Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access......Page 285
4.6.2 Congestion Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access......Page 287
4.6.3 Handover Control and Mobility Management for High-speed Downlink Packet Access......Page 288
4.6.4 Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access......Page 290
4.7.1 Impact of Fast Power Control and Soft Handover on Network Performance......Page 291
4.7.2 Radio Resource Management Optimisation Examples......Page 302
4.7.3 Call Setup Delay......Page 310
References......Page 312
5.1.1 Thermal Noise......Page 314
5.1.3 Interference Scenarios......Page 316
5.1.4 Interference Reduction Methods......Page 317
5.2.1 Acceptable Radio Frequency Environment......Page 320
5.2.2 Conducting Measurements in a Real Environment......Page 322
5.2.3 Measurement Results......Page 324
5.2.4 Conclusions......Page 327
5.3 Radio Network Planning Issues......Page 328
5.3.1 Co-planning Process......Page 329
5.3.2 Transmission Planning......Page 336
5.3.4 Tight Usage of Frequency Spectrum by Different Technologies......Page 337
5.4 Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent Frequency Bands......Page 338
5.4.1 Interference Mechanisms......Page 340
5.4.2 Worst Case Analysis......Page 343
5.4.3 Simulation Case Study with a Static Simulator......Page 345
5.4.4 Capacity Reduction......Page 358
5.4.5 Summary and Radio Network Planning Guidelines......Page 362
References......Page 364
6.1 Introduction......Page 366
6.2.1 Uplink and Downlink Coverage Limited Scenarios......Page 367
6.2.2 Link Budget Analysis......Page 368
6.3.1 Uplink and Downlink Capacity Limited Scenarios......Page 370
6.3.2 Load Equation Analysis......Page 371
6.3.3 Identifying the Limiting Link......Page 372
6.4 Uplink Cell Load and Base Station Transmit Power......Page 373
6.4.2 Impact of Base Station Transmit Power......Page 374
6.5.1 Impact of Additional Carriers......Page 377
6.5.2 Impact of Additional Scrambling Codes......Page 379
6.6.1 Mathematical Background......Page 381
6.6.2 Impact of Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas......Page 382
6.7 Remote RF Head Amplifiers......Page 384
6.7.2 Impact of Remote RF Head Amplifiers......Page 386
6.8 Higher Order Receive Diversity......Page 387
6.8.1 Impact of Higher Order Receive Diversity......Page 388
6.8.2 Practical Considerations......Page 389
6.9 Transmit Diversity......Page 390
6.9.1 Impact of Transmit Diversity......Page 392
6.9.2 Practical Considerations......Page 394
6.10.1 Mathematical Background......Page 395
6.10.3 Practical Considerations......Page 397
6.10.4 Candidate MIMO Algorithms in 3GPP Standardisation......Page 399
6.11 Beamforming......Page 402
6.11.1 Mathematical Background......Page 403
6.11.2 Impact of Beamforming......Page 404
6.11.3 Practical Considerations......Page 405
6.11.4 Impact of Fixed Beam Approach upon Radio Resource Management Algorithms......Page 407
6.12 Rollout Optimised Configuration......Page 408
6.12.1 Impact of Rollout Optimised Configuration......Page 409
6.13 Sectorisation......Page 411
6.13.1 Impact of Sectorisation......Page 412
6.13.2 Practical Considerations......Page 414
6.14 Repeaters......Page 415
6.14.1 Impact of Repeaters......Page 417
6.15 Micro-cell Deployment......Page 418
6.15.1 Impact of Micro-cells......Page 419
6.16 Capacity Upgrade Process......Page 422
6.17 Summary of Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods......Page 424
References......Page 427
7.1 Introduction to Radio Network Optimisation Requirements......Page 430
7.1.1 The Operations System’s Role in the Optimisation Process......Page 433
7.2 Introduction to the Telecom Management Network Model......Page 445
7.3 Tools in Optimisation......Page 449
7.3.1 Planning Tool Level Optimisation......Page 450
7.3.2 Configuration Management in a Network Management System......Page 454
7.3.3 Performance Management in Network Elements and in the Operations System......Page 457
7.3.4 Measurement Applications in Network Elements and in the Network Management System......Page 472
7.3.5 Optimisation Using Operations System Tools......Page 481
7.3.6 Field Measurement Tool......Page 482
7.4 Summary......Page 487
References......Page 489
8.1 Definition of Quality of Service......Page 490
8.2 End-user Service Classification......Page 491
8.3 Characteristics and Requirements of Services......Page 492
8.3.2 Data Transfer......Page 493
8.3.3 Interactive Data Transfer......Page 494
8.3.5 Streaming......Page 495
8.4 3GPP Bearer Concept......Page 496
8.4.1 Architectural Entities......Page 497
8.4.3 Packet Data Protocol Context Characterisation......Page 498
8.4.4 Comments about 3GPP Bearers......Page 499
8.5.1 3GPP Quality of Service Architecture......Page 500
8.5.2 Support for the IP Multimedia Sub-system......Page 502
8.6 Quality of Service Management in UMTS......Page 504
8.6.1 Introduction to Quality of Service Management Challenges......Page 505
8.6.2 Radio Bearer Mapping of UMTS Traffic Classes......Page 508
8.6.3 Utilisation of Quality of Service in the UMTS Domain......Page 509
8.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 536
References......Page 537
9.1 Introduction......Page 540
9.2.1 Introduction to Data Mining......Page 541
9.2.2 Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining......Page 542
9.2.3 Classification Trees......Page 546
9.2.5 Self-Organising Map......Page 548
9.2.6 Performance Monitoring Using the Self-Organising Map: GSM Network......Page 550
9.2.7 Performance Monitoring Using the Self-Organising Map: UMTS Network......Page 552
9.2.8 High Level Performance Analysis by Clustering Network Performance Data: Case Study......Page 563
9.3 Automatic Optimisation......Page 571
9.3.2 Network Scenario and Data Used in Algorithms with Cost Function......Page 574
9.3.3 Measurements and Costs Used in Algorithms......Page 575
9.3.4 Autotuning in the Mobility Management Sub-system......Page 578
9.3.5 Autotuning in the Call Admission Control Sub-system......Page 587
9.3.6 Capacity Optimisation and Traffic Balancing......Page 596
References......Page 604
10.1 GSM Packet Data Services......Page 608
10.1.2 Modulation and Coding Schemes......Page 609
10.1.3 EDGE Radio Link Performance......Page 612
10.1.4 GPRS Radio Link Performance......Page 617
10.1.5 Coverage......Page 618
10.1.6 Capacity Planning......Page 621
10.1.7 Mobility Management......Page 629
10.1.8 Frequency Hopping Techniques......Page 633
10.1.10 EDGE Performance Assessment......Page 635
10.1.11 Quality of Service and Service Optimisation for EGPRS......Page 638
10.2.1 Some Time Division Duplex Specific Properties......Page 641
10.2.2 System Scenarios......Page 642
10.2.4 Single-operator Time Division Duplex Networks......Page 645
10.2.5 Synchronisation in Multi-operator Time Division Duplex Networks......Page 646
10.2.7 Co-existing Time Division Duplex and Frequency Division Duplex Networks......Page 647
10.2.9 Radio Performance......Page 649
10.2.11 Time Division Duplex Link Budget Examples......Page 650
10.2.13 Summary......Page 653
References......Page 654
Index......Page 656