Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits and Systems

Half title
Epigraph
Title page
Imprints page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
1 RF components
	1.1 Electric fields and capacitance
	1.2 Magnetic fields and inductance
	1.3 Time-varying fields and Maxwell\'s equations
	1.4 Circuit representation of capacitors and inductors
	1.5 Distributed and lumped circuits
	1.6 Energy and power
	1.7 LC and RLC circuits
	1.8 Integrated capacitors
	1.9 Integrated inductors
		1.9.1 Spiral inductors
		1.9.2 Second-order effects
		1.9.3 Differential inductors and transformers
		1.9.4 Inductor lumped circuit model
	1.10 Problems
	1.11 References
2 RF signals and systems
	2.1 Fourier transform and Fourier series
	2.2 Impulses and impulse response
		2.2.1 Impulse response
	2.3 Passive filters
	2.4 Active filters
	2.5 Hilbert transform and quadrature filters
		2.5.1 Passive polyphase filters
		2.5.2 Active polyphase filters
		2.5.3 Quadrature generation
	2.6 Stochastic processes
		2.6.1 Stationary processes and ergodicity
		2.6.2 Gaussian processes
		2.6.3 Power spectral density
		2.6.4 Filtered random processes
		2.6.5 Cyclostationary processes
	2.7 Analog linear modulation
	2.8 Analog non-linear modulation
	2.9 Modern radio modulation scheme
	2.10 Problems
	2.11 References
3 RF two-ports
	3.1 Introduction to two-ports
	3.2 Available power
	3.3 Impedance transformation
		3.3.1 Wideband transformers
		3.3.2 Parallel-series circuits
		3.3.3 Narrowband transformers
	3.4 Transmission lines
		3.4.1 Terminated transmission lines
		3.4.2 Voltage standing wave ratio
		3.4.3 Transmission line input impedance
	3.5 The Smith chart
	3.6 S-parameters
	3.7 Low-loss transmission lines
	3.8 Differential two-ports
	3.9 Problems
	3.10 References
4 Noise
	4.1 Types of noise
		4.1.1 Thermal noise
		4.1.2 White noise and noise bandwidth
		4.1.3 Inductor and capacitor noise
		4.1.4 Passive lossy network noise
		4.1.5 MOSFET thermal noise
		4.1.6 Flicker noise
		4.1.7 Cyclostationary noise
	4.2 Two-port equivalent noise
	4.3 Noise figure
	4.4 Minimum NF
	4.5 Noise figure of a cascade of stages
	4.6 Phase noise
	4.7 Sensitivity
	4.8 Noise figure measurements
	4.9 Problems
	4.10 References
5 Distortion
	5.1 Blockers in wireless systems
	5.2 Full-duplex systems and coexistence
	5.3 Small signal non-linearity
		5.3.1 Input intercept point
		5.3.2 IIP3 of a cascade of stages
		5.3.3 Second-order distortion
		5.3.4 Impact of feedback on linearity
		5.3.5 Dynamic range
	5.4 Large signal non-linearity
	5.5 Reciprocal mixing
	5.6 Harmonic mixing
	5.7 Transmitter concerns
		5.7.1 Output power
		5.7.2 Transmitter mask
		5.7.3 Transmitter signal quality
			The LO in-band phase noise
			TX chain unwanted interferers
			Non-linearities
		5.7.4 Switching spectrum and time-domain mask
		5.7.5 AM–AM and AM–PM in transmitters
		5.7.6 Pulling in transmitters
	5.8 Problems
	5.9 References
6 Low-noise amplifiers
	6.1 Matching requirements
	6.2 RF tuned amplifiers
	6.3 Shunt feedback LNAs
		6.3.1 Resistive feedback with large loop gain
		6.3.2 CS cascode LNA
	6.4 Series feedback LNAs
	6.5 Feedforward LNAs
	6.6 LNA practical concerns
		6.6.1 Gate resistance
		6.6.2 Cascode noise and gain loss
		6.6.3 Substrate impact
		6.6.4 LNA biasing
		6.6.5 Linearity
		6.6.6 Gain control
	6.7 LNA power-noise optimization
	6.8 Problems
	6.9 References
7 RF mixers
	7.1 Mixer fundamentals
	7.2 Evolution of mixers
	7.3 Active mixers
		7.3.1 Active mixer linearity
		7.3.2 Active mixer 1∕f noise analysis
			Load
			Input FETs
			Switches
		7.3.3 Active mixer white noise analysis
		7.3.4 Active mixer second-order distortion
			RF self-mixing
			Input FET second-order non-linearity
			Switching quad
	7.4 Passive current-mode mixers
		7.4.1 LO duty cycle concerns
		7.4.2 M-phase mixers
		7.4.3 Passive mixer exact operation
		7.4.4 Passive mixer noise
		7.4.5 Passive mixer linearity
		7.4.6 Passive mixer second-order distortion
		7.4.7 TIA and Gm cell design
	7.5 Passive voltage-mode mixers
	7.6 Transmitter mixers
		7.6.1 Active upconversion mixers
		7.6.2 Passive upconversion mixers
	7.7 Harmonic folding in transmitter mixers
	7.8 LNA/mixer case study
		7.8.1 Circuit analysis
		7.8.2 Design methodology
	7.9 Problems
	7.10 References
8 Oscillators
	8.1 The linear LC oscillator
		8.1.1 The feedback model
		8.1.2 Phase noise in the linear oscillator
		8.1.3 Efficiency
		8.1.4 Oscillator figure of merit
	8.2 The non-linear LC oscillator
		8.2.1 Intuitive understanding
		8.2.2 Power conservation requirements
		8.2.3 Oscillation amplitude
	8.3 Phase noise analysis of the non-linear LC oscillator
		8.3.1 Defining phase, frequency, and amplitude noise
		8.3.2 Similarity of FM and PM noise
		8.3.3 Recognizing AM and PM sidebands
		8.3.4 Decomposing a SSB into AM and PM sidebands
		8.3.5 Cyclostationary noise
		8.3.6 Noise passing through a non-linearity
		8.3.7 Reaction of noiseless oscillator to an external noise
		8.3.8 Bank\'s general result
	8.4 LC oscillator topologies
		8.4.1 The standard NMOS topology
		8.4.2 The standard CMOS topology
		8.4.3 The Colpitts topology
		8.4.4 Oscillator design methodology
	8.5 Q-degradation
	8.6 Frequency modulation effects
		8.6.1 Non-linear capacitance
		8.6.2 The Groszkowski effect
		8.6.3 Supply pushing
	8.7 More LC oscillator topologies
		8.7.1 The standard topology with noise filter
		8.7.2 The class-C topology
	8.8 Ring oscillators
		8.8.1 Basic operation
		8.8.2 Estimating phase noise in a hard-switching circuit
		8.8.3 Simple ring oscillator noise model
		8.8.4 Phase noise of a single inverter
		8.8.5 Ring oscillator and LC oscillator comparison
	8.9 Quadrature Oscillators
		8.9.1 Modes of oscillation
		8.9.2 Quadrature accuracy due to mismatches
		8.9.3 Phase noise analysis
	8.10 Crystal oscillators
		8.10.1 Crystal model
		8.10.2 Practical crystal oscillators
		8.10.3 Tuning requirements
	8.11 Phase-locked loops
		8.11.1 PLL transfer function
		8.11.2 PLL noise
	8.12 Problems
	8.13 References
9 Power amplifiers
	9.1 General considerations
	9.2 Class A PAs
	9.3 Class B PAs
	9.4 Class C PAs
	9.5 Class D PAs
	9.6 Class E PAs
	9.7 Class F PAs
	9.8 PA linearization techniques
		9.8.1 Pre-distortion
		9.8.2 Envelope elimination and restoration
		9.8.3 Envelope tracking
		9.8.4 Dynamic biasing
		9.8.5 Doherty power amplifier
	9.9 Problems
	9.10 References
10 Transceiver architectures
	10.1 General considerations
	10.2 Receiver architectures
		10.2.1 Super-heterodyne receiver
		10.2.2 Zero-IF receivers
		10.2.3 Low-IF receivers
		10.2.4 Weaver receiver
		10.2.5 Dual-conversion receivers
	10.3 Blocker-tolerant receivers
		10.3.1 Current-mode receivers
		10.3.2 Mixer-first receivers
		10.3.3 Noise cancelling receivers
	10.4 Receiver filtering and ADC design
		GSM ADC requirements
		3G ADC requirements
	10.5 Receiver gain control
	10.6 Transmitter architectures
		10.6.1 Direct-conversion transmitters
		10.6.2 Dual-conversion transmitters
		10.6.3 Direct-modulation transmitters
		10.6.4 Polar transmitters
		10.6.5 Outphasing transmitters
	10.7 Transceiver practical design concerns
		10.7.1 Receiver case study
		10.7.2 Transmitter case study
		10.7.3 SoC concerns
		10.7.4 Packaging concerns
		10.7.5 Variations
		10.7.6 Product qualification
		10.7.7 Production issues
			ATE-bench correlation
			Gauge R&R
	10.8 Problems
	10.9 References
Index