Radiation in Medicine and Biology

Cover\nHalf Title\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nTable of Contents\nPreface\nForeword\nForeword\nPart 1: NEW TECHNIQUES IN RADIATION THERAPY\n	1: Generation of Bremsstrahlung Radiation from Different Low- to High-Z Targets for Medical Applications: A Simulation Approach\n		1.1 Introduction\n			1.1.1 Historical Background\n			1.1.2 Radiation Therapies for Cancer Diseases\n			1.1.3 Today\'s Status in the World and India\n			1.1.4 Importance and Objective\n		1.2 Interaction of Radiations with Matter\n			1.2.1 Interaction of Electrons with Matter\n				1.2.1.1 Elastic collision with atomic electron\n				1.2.1.2 Elastic collision with atomic nuclei\n				1.2.1.3 Inelastic collision with atomic electron\n				1.2.1.4 Inelastic collision with atomic nuclei\n			1.2.2 Interaction of Photons with Matter\n				1.2.2.1 Photoelectric effect\n				1.2.2.2 Compton scattering\n				1.2.2.3 Pair production\n				1.2.2.4 Photonuclear absorption\n			1.2.3 Basic Mechanism of Cell Killing by Radiation\n		1.3 Methodology\n			1.3.1 Monte Carlo-Based FLUKA Simulation\n		1.4 Case Studies\n			1.4.1 Case I: Design of e-g Target for Radiation Therapy\n			1.4.2 Case II: An Optimization of Accelerator Head Assembly for Radiotherapy\n				1.4.2.1 Accelerator head assembly\n				1.4.2.2 Optimization of accelerator head assembly\n		1.5 Conclusion\n	2: The Investigation of Cobalt-60 Tomotherapy\n		2.1 Introduction\n			2.1.1 Tomotherapy\n		2.2 Investigations of an Efficient Co-60 Source Design\n			2.2.1 Description and Validation of the New Source Code\n			2.2.2 Effect of Rectangular-Shaped Co-60 Source Width on Fan Beam Output\n			2.2.3 Penumbra and Fringe Distance Estimates for Different Hypothetical Units\n		2.3 Hypothetical Co-60 Tomotherapy Units\n			2.3.1 Intensity-Modulated Fan Beam Energy Fluence Profiles\n		2.4 Tomotherapy Treatment Planning\n			2.4.1 Dose Calculation Program and Monte Carlo Simulations\n		2.5 Discussion\n		2.6 A Brief Review of Recent Developments in Co-60-Based RT\n		2.7 Conclusions\n	3: Ferrous Sulfate-Benzoic Acid-Xylenol Orange Chemical Dosimetry System in Radiotherapy\n		3.1 Introduction\n			3.1.1 Chemical Dosimetry\n			3.1.2 Fricke System\n			3.1.3 Ferrous Sulfate-Benzoic Acid-Xylenol Orange Dosimetry System\n				3.1.3.1 Applications of FBX dosimetry in radiotherapy\n		3.2 Experiments\n			3.2.1 Preparation of FBX Dosimetry Solution\n			3.2.2 Spectrophotometer, Colorimeter and Optical Density Measurements\n			3.2.3 Determination of Optimum acid Concentration and Maximum Absorption Wavelength\n			3.2.4 Suitability of Polypropylene Tubes for Irradiation\n			3.2.5 Minimum Measurable Dose with Colorimeter and Spectrophotometer\n			3.2.6 In vivo Dose Measurements with the FBX System\n			3.2.7 Assessing Potential of FBX Dosimeter for Dynamic Wedge Profile Determination\n			3.2.8 Response of the FBX Dosimeter to a Carbon Beam\n		3.3 Results and Discussions\n		3.4 Summary and Conclusions\n		3.5 Future Scope\n	4: Radiobiological Effects in Fractionated Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients\n		4.1 Introduction\n		4.2 Materials and Methods\n			4.2.1 Conventional Fractionation\n			4.2.2 Hyperfractionation\n			4.2.3 External Beam Radiation Therapy on Theratron-780E Co-60 Teletherapy Machine\n			4.2.4 Follow-Up\n			4.2.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurances\n		4.3 Results and Discussion\n			4.3.1 Characteristics of the Patients\n			4.3.2 Disease-Free Survival\n			4.3.3 Formula for Calculation of BED for Conventional Fractionations\n			4.3.4 Formula for Calculation of BED for Hyperfractionation\n			4.3.5 Conventional BED Calculations\n			4.3.6 Hyperfractionation BED Calculations\n			4.3.7 Comparison of Conventional and Hyperfractionation of BED Calculations\n	5: Radio-Electro-Chemotherapy of Cancer: New Perspectives for Cancer Treatment\n		5.1 Introduction\n		5.2 Electroporation Technologies\n		5.3 Biophysical Basis of Electroporation\n		5.4 Combining Radiation with Anticancer Drugs and Electroporation\n		5.5 New Protocols-Radio-Electro-Chemotherapy\n			5.5.1 Effects on Cancer Cells: In vitro Studies\n			5.5.2 Effects on Tumors: In vivo Studies\n		5.6 Conclusion\n	6: Motivation to Explore New Techniques for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Immense Importance in Biological and Medicinal Applications\n		6.1 Introduction\n		6.2 Experimental\n		6.3 Results and Discussion\n		6.4 Conclusion\n	7: Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted Radiation Therapy\n		7.1 Introduction and Background\n		7.2 Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted Radiation Therapy\n		7.3 GNP-Assisted Hyperthermia\n		7.4 GNPs Targeted Therapy\n		7.5 Conclusions\nPart 2: EFFECTS OF LONIZING RADIATIONS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS\n	8: The Combined Effect of Hyper-Gravity and Gamma-lrradiation on Physiology of Wheat Seedlings\n		8.1 Introduction\n		8.2 Materials and Methods\n			8.2.1 Seed Selection\n			8.2.2 Combined Hyper-Gravity and Gamma-Irradiation Treatment\n			8.2.3 Growth Parameters\n			8.2.4 Fluorescence Parameters\n			8.2.5 Proline Content\n		8.3 Results and Discussion\n			8.3.1 Germination Percentage\n			8.3.2 Average Shoot Length\n			8.3.3 Average Root Length\n			8.3.4 Fluorescence Parameters\n			8.3.5 Total Proline Content\n		8.4 Conclusion\n	9: The Study of the Effect of UV-C Radiation on the Current-Voltage Characteristics of Chitosan Membranes\n		9.1 Introduction\n		9.2 Materials and Methods\n			9.2.1 Materials\n			9.2.2 Preparation of Chitosan Membranes\n			9.2.3 Current-Voltage Measurement\n			9.2.4 Water Uptake by the Membranes\n		9.3 Results and Discussion\n			9.3.1 Characteristics of Current-Voltage Curves\n		9.4 Conductance of Membranes\n			9.4.1 Water Uptake by Chitosan Membranes\n		9.5 Conclusion\n	10: Investigating Effects of Radiation Due to Cell Phones on Health Parameters of Youngsters during Continuous Conversation\n		10.1 Introduction\n		10.2 Case Study\n			10.2.1 Methodology\n				10.2.1.1 Sample selection\n				10.2.1.2 Experiments\n		10.3 Results and Discussions\n		10.4 Conclusions\n			10.4.1 Limitations of the Study\n			10.4.2 Recommendations\n			10.4.3 Scope for Future Work\nIndex