Radiation Detection and Measurement

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 22
Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 10
Table Index......Page 26
Chapter 1 Radiation Sources......Page 28
I. UNITS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 29
II. FAST ELECTRON SOURCES......Page 30
III.HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLE SOURCES......Page 33
IV. SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION......Page 37
Chapter 2 Radiation Interactions......Page 56
I. INTERACTION OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES......Page 57
II. INTERACTION OF FAST ELECTRONS......Page 69
III. INTERACTION OF GAMMA RAYS......Page 74
IV. INTERACTION OF NEUTRONS......Page 80
V. RADIATION EXPOSURE AND DOSE......Page 83
Chapter 3 Counting Statistics and Error Prediction......Page 92
I. CHARACTERIZATION OF DATA......Page 93
II. STATISTICAL MODELS......Page 97
III. APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICAL MODELS......Page 106
IV. ERROR PROPAGATION......Page 112
V. OPTIMIZATION OF COUNTING EXPERIMENTS......Page 119
VI. LIMITS OF DETECTABILITY......Page 121
VII. DISTRIBUTION OF TIME INTERVALS......Page 126
I. SIMPLIFIED DETECTOR MODEL......Page 132
II. MODES OF DETECTOR OPERATION......Page 133
III. PULSE HEIGHT SPECTRA......Page 139
IV. COUNTING CURVES AND PLATEAUS......Page 140
V. ENERGY RESOLUTION......Page 142
VI. DETECTION EFFICIENCY......Page 145
VII. DEAD TIME......Page 148
I. THE IONIZATION PROCESS IN GASES......Page 158
II. CHARGE MIGRATION AND COLLECTION......Page 162
III. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF DC ION CHAMBERS......Page 165
IV. RADIATION DOSE MEASUREMENT WITH ION CHAMBERS......Page 169
V. APPLICATIONS OF DC ION CHAMBERS......Page 173
VI. PULSE MODE OPERATION......Page 176
I. GAS MULTIPLICATION......Page 186
II. DESIGN FEATURES OF PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS......Page 191
III. PROPORTIONAL COUNTER PERFORMANCE......Page 196
IV. DETECTION EFFICIENCY AND COUNTING CURVES......Page 211
V. VARIANTS OF THE PROPORTIONAL COUNTER DESIGN......Page 216
VI. MICROPATTERN GAS DETECTORS......Page 222
Chapter 7 Geiger-Mueller Counters......Page 234
I. THE GEIGER DISCHARGE......Page 235
III. QUENCHING......Page 237
IV. TIME BEHAVIOR......Page 239
V. THE GEIGER COUNTING PLATEAU......Page 241
VI. DESIGN FEATURES......Page 243
VII. COUNTING EFFICIENCY......Page 244
VIII. TIME-TO-FIRST-COUNT METHOD......Page 246
Chapter 8 Scintillation Detector Principles......Page 250
I. ORGANIC SCINTILLATORS......Page 251
II. INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS......Page 262
III. LIGHT COLLECTION AND SCINTILLATOR MOUNTING......Page 285
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 302
II. THE PHOTOCATHODE......Page 303
III. ELECTRON MULTIPLICATION......Page 307
IV. PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE CHARACTERISTICS......Page 310
V. ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT REQUIRED WITH PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES......Page 321
VI. PHOTODIODES AS SUBSTITUTES FOR PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES......Page 324
VII. SCINTILLATION PULSE SHAPE ANALYSIS......Page 335
VIII. HYBRID PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES......Page 339
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN GAMMA-RAY SPECTROSCOPY......Page 348
II. GAMMA-RAY INTERACTIONS......Page 349
III. PREDICTED RESPONSE FUNCTIONS......Page 353
IV. PROPERTIES OF SCINTILLATION GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETERS......Page 365
V. RESPONSE OF SCINTILLATION DETECTORS TO NEUTRONS......Page 382
VI. ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY WITH SCINTILLATORS......Page 383
VII. SPECIALIZED DETECTOR CONFIGURATIONS BASED ON SCINTILLATION......Page 384
Chapter 11 Semiconductor Diode Detectors......Page 392
I. SEMICONDUCTOR PROPERTIES......Page 393
II. THE ACTION OF IONIZING RADIATION IN SEMICONDUCTORS......Page 403
III. SEMICONDUCTORS AS RADIATION DETECTORS......Page 405
IV. SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTOR CONFIGURATIONS......Page 414
V. OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 420
VI. APPLICATIONS OF SILICON DIODE DETECTORS......Page 429
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 442
II. CONFIGURATIONS OF GERMANIUM DETECTORS......Page 443
III. GERMANIUM DETECTOR OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 451
IV. GAMMA-RAY SPECTROSCOPY WITH GERMANIUM DETECTORS......Page 464
I. LITHIUM-DRIFfED SILICON DETECTORS......Page 494
II. SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS OTHER THAN SILICON OR GERMANIUM......Page 512
III. AVALANCHE DETECTORS......Page 526
IV. PHOTOCONDUCTIVE DETECTORS......Page 528
V. POSITION-SENSITIVE SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS......Page 529
I. NUCLEAR REACTIONS OF INTEREST IN NEUTRON DETECTION......Page 546
II. DETECTORS BASED ON THE BORON REACTION......Page 550
III. DETECTORS BASED ON OTHER CONVERSION REACTIONS......Page 559
IV. REACTOR INSTRUMENTATION......Page 566
Chapter 15 Fast Neutron Detection and Spectroscopy......Page 580
I. COUNTERS BASED ON NEUTRON MODERATION......Page 581
II. DETECTORS BASED ON FAST NEUTRON-INDUCED REACTIONS......Page 589
III. DETECTORS THAT UTILIZE FAST NEUTRON SCATTERING......Page 596
I. OVERVIEW OF PULSE PROCESSING......Page 622
II. DEVICE IMPEDANCES......Page 625
III. COAXIAL CABLES......Page 626
IV. LINEAR AND LOGIC PULSES......Page 634
V. INSTRUMENT STANDARDS......Page 636
VI. SUMMARY OF PULSE-PROCESSING UNITS......Page 637
VII. APPLICATION-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ASICs)......Page 639
VIII. COMPONENTS COMMON TO MANY APPLICATIONS......Page 641
I. PULSE SHAPING......Page 652
II. PULSE COUNTING SYSTEMS......Page 668
III. PULSE HEIGHT ANALYSIS SYSTEMS......Page 674
IV. DIGITAL PULSE PROCESSING......Page 695
V. SYSTEMS INVOLVING PULSE TIMING......Page 707
VI. PULSE SHAPE DISCRIMINATION......Page 727
I. SINGLE-CHANNEL METHODS......Page 732
II. GENERAL MULTICHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 734
III. THE MULTICHANNEL ANALYZER......Page 738
IV. SPECTRUM STABILIZATION AND RELOCATION......Page 748
V. SPECTRUM ANALYSIS......Page 751
I. CHERENKOV DETECTORS......Page 760
II. GAS-FILLED DETECTORS IN SELF-QUENCHED STREAMER MODE......Page 762
III. HIGH-PRESSURE XENON SPECTROMETERS......Page 765
IV. LIQUID IONIZATION AND PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS......Page 766
V. CRYOGENIC DETECTORS......Page 768
VI. PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS......Page 775
VII. THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS AND IMAGE PLATES......Page 778
VIII. TRACK-ETCH DETECTORS......Page 786
IX. SUPERHEATED DROP OR "BUBBLE DETECTORS"......Page 791
X. NEUTRON DETECTION BY ACTIVATION......Page 794
XI. DETECTION METHODS BASED ON INTEGRATED CIRCUIT COMPONENTS......Page 801
I. SOURCES OF BACKGROUND......Page 806
II. BACKGROUND IN GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA......Page 811
III. BACKGROUND IN OTHER DETECTORS......Page 816
IV. SHIELDING MATERIALS......Page 818
V. ACTIVE METHODS OF BACKGROUND REDUCTION......Page 822
Appendix A The NIM, CAMAC, and VME Instrumentation Standards......Page 828
Appendix B Derivation of the Expression for Sample Variance in Chapter 3......Page 834
Appendix C Statistical Behavior of Counting Data for Variable Mean Value......Page 836
Appendix D The Shockley-Ramo Theorem for Induced Charge......Page 840
Index......Page 846