Radiation biophysics

Front Cover......Page 1
Radiation Biophysics......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 24
Preface to the First Edition......Page 26
Introduction: An Historical Perspective......Page 28
Quantities and Units......Page 34
Radiation Measurement......Page 37
Radioactivity Measurements......Page 42
References......Page 43
Introduction......Page 44
Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 48
Special Relativity......Page 50
Relativistic Considerations of Mass and Velocity......Page 52
Atomic Structure......Page 53
De Broglie Wave Theory......Page 57
Suggested Additional Reading......Page 58
Problems......Page 59
Unit of Radioactivity......Page 60
Law of Radioactive Decay......Page 61
Radioactive Decay of Mixtures......Page 63
Branching Decay Processes......Page 67
Nomenclature of Radioactive Decay......Page 69
Charting Decay Schemes......Page 70
Nuclear Stability......Page 71
Nuclear Mass and Binding Energy......Page 72
Radioactive Decay by Alpha-Particle Emission......Page 74
Negative Electron Emission Decay......Page 75
Positive Electron Emission Decay......Page 76
Decay by Electron Capture......Page 78
Internal Conversion......Page 79
Problems......Page 81
Introduction......Page 83
Linear Attenuation Coefficient......Page 84
Energy Transfer and Energy Absorption......Page 89
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer from Gamma Rays......Page 91
Compton Scattering Process: Incoherent Scattering......Page 95
Pair Production......Page 104
Bremsstrahlung--Radiative Energy Loss......Page 107
Problems......Page 109
Introduction......Page 111
Importance of the Compton Process in Tissue Systems......Page 112
Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter......Page 116
Final Steps in Energy Absorption......Page 120
Dose......Page 122
Absorbed Dose and Kerma......Page 123
Neutron Interactions in Tissue......Page 125
Track Structure and Microdosimetry......Page 129
Problems......Page 135
Stochastic Nature of Energy Transfer......Page 137
Radiation Chemistry of Water......Page 140
G Value: Expression of Yield in Radiation Chemistry......Page 142
Reactions in the Track: The Role of Scavengers......Page 143
Direct and Indirect Action......Page 146
Recombination, Restitution, and Repair......Page 149
Macromolecular Target in the Cell......Page 150
Reactions of the Products of Water Radiolysis......Page 152
Chain Scission in DNA......Page 155
Role of DNA Configuration......Page 157
Repair of DNA......Page 158
Repair Fidelity......Page 161
References......Page 162
Problems......Page 163
Clonogenic Survival......Page 165
Lea\'s Target Theory Model......Page 166
Biological Survival Curves......Page 168
Development of the Target Theory Model......Page 169
Multitarget- Single-Hit Survival......Page 174
Molecular Models for Cell Death......Page 177
Molecular Theory of Radiation Action......Page 179
Theory of Dual Radiation Action......Page 184
Repair-Misrepair Model of Cell Survival......Page 188
Lethal-Potentially Lethal Model......Page 193
Summation......Page 198
References......Page 199
Problems......Page 200
Introduction......Page 202
Technique of the Clonogenic Survival Curve......Page 203
Characteristics of the Mammalian Cell Survival Curve......Page 205
Significance of the Shoulder on the Survival Curve......Page 207
Repair of Sublethal Damage......Page 210
Repair of Potentially Lethal Damage......Page 215
Cell Survival and Cell Age......Page 218
Radiation Induced Cell Progression Delay......Page 222
Mechanisms: Radiation Sensitivity, Progression Delay, and the Cell Cycle......Page 223
References......Page 224
Problems......Page 225
Introduction......Page 227
Role of Water......Page 228
Temperature and Radiation Damage......Page 230
Oxygen Effect......Page 233
Thiols and Modification of Radiation Response......Page 243
Nitroaromatic Radiation Sensitizers......Page 248
Sensitization by 5-Halogen-Substituted Pyrimidines......Page 250
References......Page 252
Problems......Page 253
Introduction......Page 255
Cell Death in Mammalian Tissues......Page 256
Nature of Cell Populations in Tissue......Page 257
Cell Population Kinetics and Radiation Damage......Page 259
Cell Kinetics in Normal Tissues and Tumors......Page 261
Models for Cell Survival in Normal Tissues and Tumors......Page 262
Models for Radiobiological Sensitivity of Neoplastic Tissues......Page 263
Radiobiological Responses of Tumors......Page 269
Hypoxia and Radiosensitivity in Tumor Cells......Page 271
Assay Models for Normal Tissues in Vivo......Page 275
Acute Lethal Response in Mammals......Page 288
Radiation Effects on the Embryo and Fetus......Page 296
References......Page 303
Problems......Page 305
Introduction......Page 308
Stochastic versus Nonstochastic Effects......Page 310
Radiation Induced Late Pathology in Organ Systems......Page 312
Late Effects in Normal Tissue Systems and Organs......Page 316
Fractionation and Protraction of Exposure in the Modification of Late Radiation Injury......Page 326
References......Page 338
Problems......Page 340
Introduction......Page 341
Stochastic versus Nonstochastic Effects......Page 342
Bases for Our Knowledge of Radiation Carcinogenesis......Page 343
Radiation Carcinogenesis in Experimental Animals......Page 344
Transformed Cell in Vitro......Page 353
Role of Viruses in Carcinogenesis......Page 361
Radiation Carcinogenesis in Human Populations......Page 362
Approaches to Risk Estimation......Page 365
Organ-Specific Radiogenic Cancer in Human Beings......Page 371
References......Page 373
Suggested Additional Reading......Page 376
Introduction......Page 377
Structural Changes in Chromosomes......Page 378
Gene Mutations......Page 386
Genomic Instability......Page 389
Gene Mutations in Higher Organisms......Page 390
References......Page 396
Suggested Additional Reading......Page 397
Introduction......Page 398
Stopping Power and Linear Energy Transfer......Page 399
Bragg Peak of Ionization......Page 401
Significance of Linear Energy Transfer to Biological Damage......Page 406
Relative Biological Effectiveness......Page 408
Dependence of RBE on LET......Page 410
Cell Cycle Dependence of Radiosensitivity......Page 413
Oxygen Effect and High Linear Energy Transfer......Page 414
High Linear Energy Transfer, Dose Rate, and Fractionation......Page 416
Late Effects of High Linear Energy Transfer Radiation......Page 417
References......Page 424
Suggested Additional Reading......Page 425
Introduction......Page 426
Pathways of Entry of Radionuclides......Page 427
Metabolism of Radionuclides......Page 433
Determination of Dose with Internally Deposited Radionuclides......Page 434
Relative Biological Effectiveness and Internally Deposited Radionuclides......Page 444
Radionuclides of Biological Importance......Page 445
References......Page 455
Problems......Page 456
Introduction......Page 457
Risk Estimates for the Tissue Weighting Factor......Page 462
Exposure Sources......Page 463
Exposure to Natural Background Radiation and Radioactivity......Page 464
Dose from Inhaled Radionuclides......Page 469
Exposure from Cosmic Rays and Cosmogenic Radionuclides......Page 473
Summary of Exposure from Natural Sources......Page 475
Exposure from Medical Applications......Page 477
Population Exposure from Civilian Nuclear Power Operations......Page 482
Radiation Exposure from Consumer Products......Page 488
References......Page 491
Suggested Additional Reading......Page 493
Appendix: Useful Physical Constants and Conversion Factors......Page 494
Author Index......Page 496
Subject Index......Page 500