Radiation Biology of Medical Imaging

Cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 5
Copyright page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Introduction......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
Mammalian Cell Components......Page 15
Tissue Groups......Page 17
Tissue Growth......Page 22
Homeostasis......Page 24
Bibliography......Page 27
Chapter 1 Questions......Page 28
Introduction......Page 31
Cell Structure......Page 32
Cell Membranes......Page 37
Cellular Junctions......Page 39
Cell Cycle......Page 41
Cellular Division......Page 45
Summary......Page 48
Chapter 2 Questions......Page 49
Introduction......Page 53
Types of Ionizing Radiation......Page 54
EM Radiation......Page 55
Atoms and Isotopes......Page 58
Alpha Particles......Page 61
Neutrons......Page 62
Radiation Units: Traditional and Modern......Page 63
Absorbed Dose......Page 64
Equivalent Dose......Page 65
Effective Dose......Page 66
Activity......Page 67
Bibliography......Page 69
Chapter 3 Questions......Page 70
Introduction......Page 73
Photoelectric Effect......Page 74
Compton Scattering......Page 75
Pair Production......Page 76
Neutrons......Page 77
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)......Page 78
Path and Range of Charged Particles......Page 79
Half-Value Layer (HVL) (Photons)......Page 80
Indirect Action......Page 82
The Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of High- versus Low-LET Radiations......Page 84
Summary......Page 87
Chapter 4 Questions......Page 88
Introduction......Page 93
The In Vitro Survival Curve......Page 94
Cell Survival Curves: Description of Experimental Method......Page 95
Surviving Fraction......Page 96
Surviving Fraction versus Dose: The Cell Survival Curve......Page 97
Single-Target/Single-Hit Model......Page 98
Multitarget Model (also “Two-Component Model” or “Dq, D0, and n Model”)......Page 99
The Significance of the Multitarget Parameters......Page 102
LQ or α/β Model......Page 103
Application of the Multitarget and LQ Models in Radiobiology......Page 104
Survival Curve Shape and LET......Page 106
Oxygen: An Important Radiosensitizer......Page 108
Radioprotectors......Page 110
Bibliography......Page 112
Chapter 5 Questions......Page 113
Introduction......Page 117
History......Page 118
DNA Structure......Page 120
DNA Functions......Page 125
DNA Replication and Repair......Page 127
Genome......Page 131
Bibliography......Page 133
Chapter 6 Questions......Page 134
Introduction......Page 137
DNA Strand Breaks......Page 138
Chromosomes and Cell Division......Page 140
Lethal Radiation-Induced Aberrations......Page 141
Nonlethal Aberrations......Page 142
The Bystander Effect......Page 144
Radiosensitivity and the Mitotic Cycle......Page 145
Classifications of Radiation Damage and Repair......Page 147
Evidence of Repair from Split Doses and Fractionation......Page 148
Summary......Page 151
Bibliography......Page 152
Chapter 7 Questions......Page 153
Introduction......Page 157
Normal Cell Death......Page 158
Normal Cells Are Limited to about 60 Reproductive Cycles......Page 160
Cancer Cells and Their Characteristics......Page 161
Cancer Cells Exhibit Genetic Instability......Page 162
Cancer Cells Generate Their Own Internal Growth Signals......Page 163
Cancer Cells Lose Their Cell Type or Differentiation......Page 164
Traditional Hypothesis of Cancer Development......Page 165
The Aneuploidy or Multichromosome Hypothesis of Cancer Development......Page 166
Radiation and Cancer......Page 167
Bibliography......Page 168
Chapter 8 Questions......Page 169
CHAPTER 9: Radiation Effects on Tissues and Organs......Page 173
Latent Period......Page 174
Stochastic Effects......Page 175
Radiation Effects on Tissues......Page 176
Bone......Page 177
Esophagus......Page 178
Fetus......Page 179
Heart Damage due to Radiation......Page 180
Intestine......Page 181
Lungs......Page 182
Skin......Page 183
Thyroid......Page 185
Bibliography......Page 186
Chapter 9 Questions......Page 188
Introduction......Page 191
Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)......Page 192
Mean Lethal Dose (LD50)......Page 193
Hematopoietic Syndrome......Page 194
Gastrointestinal Syndrome......Page 195
Prodromal Stage......Page 196
Summary......Page 197
Chaper 10 Questions......Page 199
CHAPTER 11: Radiation Treatment of Cancer......Page 203
The Four Rs of Radiation Oncology......Page 205
Cell Survival Curves and Fractionation......Page 206
Fractionation......Page 207
Techniques Used to Treat Cancer......Page 208
External Beam Treatment......Page 209
Brachytherapy or Implant Therapy......Page 210
Bibliography......Page 211
Chapter 11 Questions......Page 212
Diagnostic Procedures......Page 215
Fluoroscopy......Page 217
Mammography......Page 219
Computerized Tomography (CT)......Page 221
Skin......Page 222
Female Breast......Page 225
Bibliography......Page 226
Chapter 12 Questions......Page 227
Introduction......Page 231
Isotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals......Page 232
Radioactive Decay......Page 235
External Dosimetry......Page 237
Half-Life and Cumulated Activity......Page 240
The Biological Half-Life and Effective Half-Life......Page 241
Medical Internal Radiation Dosimetry (MIRD)......Page 242
Fetal Dose......Page 245
Conclusion......Page 248
Chapter 13 Questions......Page 249
Introduction......Page 253
Natural Background Radiation Sources......Page 254
Inhalation Sources......Page 255
Cosmic Radiation......Page 256
Primordial and Terrestrial......Page 257
Man-Made Radiation......Page 258
Medical Radiation Exposure......Page 260
Risk of Typical Radiation Exposures......Page 261
Summary......Page 262
Chapter 14 Questions......Page 263
Introduction......Page 267
Organizations......Page 268
Sources of Data......Page 269
Dose–Response Models......Page 270
Radiation Protection Recommendations and Regulations......Page 274
Bibliography......Page 276
Chapter 15 Questions......Page 277
Introduction......Page 281
Properties of Ultrasound Waves......Page 282
Ultrasound Imaging Equipment......Page 285
Biological Effects of Ultrasound Waves......Page 287
Other Types of Medical Ultrasound Procedures......Page 288
Safety Statement......Page 289
Chapter 16 Questions......Page 290
Introduction......Page 293
Basic Principles of MRI......Page 294
Main Magnet: Static Magnetic Field and Field Gradient Effects......Page 296
The RF Coil: Oscillating Magnetic Field Effects......Page 299
Imaging Field Gradients: Time-Varying Magnetic Field Effects......Page 301
Implanted Medical Devices......Page 302
Summary......Page 303
Bibliography......Page 304
Chapter 17 Questions......Page 305
Chapter 4 Answers......Page 309
Chapter 12 Answers......Page 310
Chapter 17 Answers......Page 311
Index......Page 313