Radiation Belts: Models and Standards

Title Page
......Page 5
Copyright
......Page 6
Contents
......Page 7
Preface
......Page 11
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 12
2. COSMIC RAY ALBEDO NEUTRON SOURCE......Page 13
3. PARTICLE LOSSES FROM COLLISIONS WITH ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS......Page 14
4. WAVE PARTICLE INTERACTIONS......Page 15
5. RADIAL DIFFUSION......Page 18
6. STORM AND SUBSTORM INJECTION EVENTS......Page 20
7. ACCELERATION DURING A STORM SUDDEN COMMENCEMENT......Page 21
9. OTHER HEAVY IONS......Page 22
REFERENCES......Page 23
DISCUSSION......Page 24
2. DETECTOR......Page 25
3. NORMALIZATION TO B= B0......Page 26
Process 2--Persistent Decay.......Page 27
6. OBSERVATIONS OF ADIABATIC ACCELERATIONS......Page 28
7. THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS......Page 30
8. COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS......Page 32
9. OTHER OUTER ZONE OBSERVATIONS......Page 33
10. Dst BASED UPON PARTICLE FLUX VARIATIONS......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
2. THEORETICAL APPROACH......Page 37
4. SIMULATION......Page 38
4.1. Proton results......Page 39
5. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS......Page 42
DISCUSSION......Page 43
2. ANOMALOUS COSMIC RAYS IN NTERPLANETARY SPACE......Page 44
3. TRAPPING ANOMALOUS COSMIC RAYS......Page 45
4. SAMPEX OBSERVATIONS......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 49
DISCUSSION......Page 50
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 51
2. GUIDING CENTER MODEL OF NONADIABATIC MOTION FOR ARBITRARY PITCH ANGLES......Page 52
3. ANALYSIS OF TRAPPING CONDITIONS OF ANOMALOUS COSMIC RAYS COMPONENTS......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 54
2. ENERGETIC ION SOURCES IN THE HELIOSPHER......Page 56
3. JOVIAN ELECTRONS AS A POSSIBLE RADIATION BELT SOURCE......Page 57
4. SOLAR ENERGETIC ELECTRON SOURCE......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 62
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 63
2. MHD AND PARTICLE DRIFT SIMULATIONS......Page 64
3. FLUX WEIGHTING......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 67
1. AN INTRODUCTORY THOUGHT EXPERIMENT......Page 69
2. APPLICATION OF CLASSICAL DIFFUSION THEORY TO HEAVY IONS......Page 70
3. PREDICTED RADIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF ATOMIC CARBON AND IRON IONS......Page 71
4. COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 73
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 74
3. COMPUTED GROWTH RATES......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 76
2. SIMULATION OF THE ION STORM TIME DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 77
3. THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS......Page 79
REFERENCES......Page 80
DISCUSSION......Page 81
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 83
2.2. Data Coverages......Page 84
3. COMPARISONS WITH RECENT OBSERVATIONS......Page 85
3.1. "Errors" in the Existing Models......Page 88
4.1. Requirements on Next Generation Models......Page 90
4.2. Model Architecture......Page 91
4.5. Common Data Format CDF......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 93
1. CRRES RADIATION MODELS......Page 96
2.2. Instrumentation......Page 97
2.6. Omnidirectional Fluences on the Magnetic Equator......Page 99
3.1. Sampling Time of the Radiation Belt Data......Page 101
3.5. Deficienciesi n our Understanding of High Energy Particle Dynamics in a Real Magnetosphere......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
DISCUSSION......Page 104
2. CHOICE OF COORDINATE SYSTEM......Page 105
4. CREATION OF THE MODEL......Page 106
6. RESULTS......Page 107
8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 108
DISCUSSION......Page 109
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 110
2. TOPEX SEES......Page 112
3.1. General Considerations......Page 113
3.2. TOPEX SEE- AP-8 MAX Correlation......Page 114
3.3. COBE Sensor Background......Page 115
4. DISCUSSION......Page 116
DISCUSSION......Page 118
2. INSTRUMENTATION......Page 119
3. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE......Page 120
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 121
DISCUSSION......Page 122
2. CALCULATIONS......Page 123
DISCUSSION......Page 128
2. INSTRUMENTS......Page 129
3.2. Charge ratio in a trapped flux......Page 130
4. DISCUSSION......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 132
DISCUSSION......Page 133
2. INSTRUMENTS AND DATA SETS USED IN THE LOW ALTITUDE MODEL......Page 134
4. COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPED MODEL WITH AE-8......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 137
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 139
3. COMPARISON OF OMNIDIRECTIONAL FLUXES......Page 140
4. MAPS OF OFF-EQUATOR OMNIDIRECTIONAL FLUXES......Page 141
REFERENCES......Page 142
2.1. The need to replace the NASA models......Page 144
DISCUSSION......Page 145
Introduction to Trapped Particle Flux Mapping......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 148
1. BACKGROUND......Page 149
2. ADVANTAGES OF THE CANONICAL FORMULATION......Page 152
3. MCILWAIN'S L PARAMETER......Page 153
4. EULER POTENTIALS AND STRETCH TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 154
REFERENCES......Page 155
DISCUSSION......Page 156
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 157
2. STATISTICAL, DATA-BASED FIELD MODELS......Page 158
3. EVENT-ORIENTED MODELS......Page 159
4. DISCUSSION......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 161
DISCUSSION......Page 162
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 163
2. FINDING MAGNETIC CONJUNCTIONS......Page 164
3. MEASURED CONJUNCTION STATISTICS......Page 165
4. COMPARISON WITH MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS......Page 166
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 167
DISCUSSION......Page 168
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 169
3. THE DRIFT SHELL TRACING PROGRAMME......Page 170
3.1. Atmosphere and Ionosphere Models......Page 171
4. ILLUSTRATION OF THE PROGRAMME......Page 172
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 173
DISCUSSION......Page 174
3. WHAT IS NEEDED FOR USERS: A SINGLE MODEL OR A SET OF MODELS?......Page 175
5. CORRELATION OF ELECTRON FLUXES AT GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT WITH SOLAR WIND CHARACTERISTICS......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 177
2. THE DEPENDENCE OF LMAX ON GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES AND SOLAR CYCLE......Page 178
3. THE RAPID DIFFUSION OF RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS INTO THE INNER BELT......Page 179
4. CRRES AND DMSP NEW RADIATION BELTS......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 181
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 183
2. EULER POTENTIALS......Page 184
4. THE L PARAMETER......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 186
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 188
3. RESULTS......Page 189
4. DISCUSSION......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
2. INDICES......Page 193
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 195
3. CURRENT SOURCES OF OUTER RADIATION BELT ELECTRON DATA......Page 196
4. WHAT DATA IS REQUIRED?......Page 197
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 199
DISCUSSION......Page 200
1.1. Orbits and satellites......Page 202
2. DATA EXAMPLES......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 206
DISCUSSION......Page 207
2.2. ETS-V KIKU-5......Page 208
2.4. OHZORA EXOS-C......Page 209
2.7. IML-2......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 212
DISCUSSION......Page 213
2. INSTRUMENTATION......Page 214
3. PEM OBSERVATIONS......Page 215
4. IONIZATION PRODUCTION......Page 216
5. UARS ENERGY INPUT MODEL......Page 217
7. SUMMARY POINTS......Page 218
DISCUSSION......Page 219
2. THE CREAM AND CREDO EXPERIMENTS......Page 220
3. TRAPPED PROTON RESULTS......Page 222
4. OUTER BELT ELECTRON RESULTS......Page 225
5. DISCUSSION......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 228
2. THE DATA......Page 229
3.3. Viewing Summary Plots [summary_plot_chose. html]......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 231
2. INSTRUMENTATION......Page 232
3. OBSERVATIONS......Page 233
4. SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS......Page 235
REFERENCES......Page 236
2. INSTRUMENTATION......Page 237
3. CHOICE OF DATA......Page 238
5. ORDERING PARAMETERS: A MAGNETIC FIELD STUDY......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 240
2. SATELLITE AND INSTRUMENTS......Page 241
3. ENERGY SPECTRA AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF CHARGED PARTICLES......Page 242
4. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CHARGED PARTICLES AND THE GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY......Page 243
REFERENCES......Page 244
2. INSTRUMENT AND OBSERVATION......Page 245
3.1. Global Maps......Page 246
3.2. L-Value Distributions......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 248
2. SPE- 1 DATA......Page 249
3. DOK-1 DATA......Page 251
REFERENCES......Page 252
3. STRV-REM MEASUREMENTS OF THE OUTER BELT ELECTRONS......Page 254
4. MIR-REM MEASUREMENTS OF THE FOOTPRINTS OF THE RADIATION BELTS......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 256
3. DATA ANALYSIS......Page 257
4. DISCUSSION......Page 258
5. SUMMARY......Page 260
REFERENCES......Page 261
2. INTERNAL CHARGING ANOMALIES......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 265
Missions and Data Acquisition Report of Discussion Group D......Page 266
DISCUSSION......Page 267
2. ENA FLUX CALCULATION......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 271
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 272
3. MAGNETOSPHERIC RADIO IMAGING......Page 273
4. SOUNDING OF RADIATION BELTS & THE RING CURRENT......Page 274
5. DISCUSSION......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 276
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 278
2. THE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK......Page 279
3. ANN TRAINING PROCEDURE......Page 280
4. TRAINING/TESTING RESULTS......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 282
2. AE-8......Page 283
3. THE CRRES MEA SPECTROMETER......Page 284
5.1. CRRES MEA Data Set......Page 286
6.1. MEA......Page 287
7. UNSOLVED PROBLEM......Page 288
REFERENCES......Page 289
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 290
2. INPUTS AND OUTPUTS......Page 291
3. THE PLOTYING PROGRAM......Page 292
4. A SAMPLE RUN......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 294
EnviroNET Space Environment Information via the WWW: A Computer  Based Demonstration......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 297
1. OVERVIEW......Page 299
3.1. SHIELDOSE......Page 300
4. VERIFICATION......Page 301
6. USAGE......Page 302
REFERENCES......Page 303
3. THE DISPLAY......Page 304
DISCUSSION......Page 305