Radar scattering and imaging of rough surfaces : modeling and applications with MATLAB

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
1. Introduction
	1.1. Surface Scattering as a Random Process
	1.2. Nature of Wave Scattering from Rough Surface
	1.3. Radar Imaging Mechanisms and Computation
	1.4. Progress of the Subject
	References
2. Statistical Description of Rough Surfaces
	2.1. Types of Rough Surface
		2.1.1. Quasi-Periodic and Random Rough Surfaces
		2.1.2. Isotropic and Anisotropic Surfaces
	2.2. Statistics of Randomly Rough Surface
		2.2.1. Fractal Approach
		2.2.2. σ-ℓ Approach
	2.3. Correlation Functions and Roughness Spectra
	2.4. Multiscale Rough Surface
	2.5. Uncertainties of Roughness Parameters
	References
3. Basics of Electromagnetic Wave
	3.1. Maxwell's Equations
	3.2. Constitute Relations
	3.3. Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Plane Boundary
		3.3.1. Laws of Reflection and Refraction
		3.3.2. Reflection and Transmission in a Layered Medium
	3.4. Radar Equations for Objects and Extensive Targets
		3.4.1. Radar Cross-Section
		3.4.2. Scattering Coefficient
	References
4. Analytical Modeling of Rough Surface Scattering
	4.1. Huygens-Fresnel Principle
	4.2. Electric Field Integral Equations (EFIE) and Magnetic Field Integral Equations (MFIE)
	4.3. Solutions of EFIE and MFIE--Numerical and Analytical Approaches
		4.3.1. Kirchhoff Approximation (KA)
		4.3.2. Small Perturbation Method (SPM)
		4.3.3. Small Slope Approximation (SSA)
		4.3.4. Integral Equation Model (IEM)
	4.4. Advanced Integral Equation Models
		4.4.1. Single and Multiple Scattering
		4.4.2. Multiple Scattering Contributions
		4.4.3. Validation of AIEM Model
			4.4.3.1 Comparison with Numerical Simulations
			4.4.3.2 Comparison with Measurement Data
			4.4.3.3 Comparison between POLARSCAT, NMM3D, SSA2, AIEM, and SPM2
	4.5. Numerical Examples for Soil and Ocean Surfaces
		4.5.1. Scattering Behaviors from Soil Surface
			4.5.1.1 Radar Backscattering Behaviors
				4.5.1.1.1 Surface Roughness Effects
				4.5.1.1.2 Dielectric Constant Effects
			4.5.1.2 Radar Bistatic Scattering Behaviors
				4.5.1.2.1 Transition Rate Effects
				4.5.1.2.2 Background Dielectric Constant Effects
		4.5.2. Scattering Behaviors from Ocean Surface
			4.5.2.1 Radar Backscattering Behaviors
			4.5.2.2 Radar Bistatic Scattering Behaviors
	References
	Appendix 4A
	Appendix 4B
	Appendix 4C
5. Sensitivity Analysis of Radar Scattering of Rough Surface
	5.1. Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST)
	5.2. Entropy-Based Sensitivity Analysis (EBSA)
	5.3. Monostatic vs. Bistatic Scattering Patterns
		5.3.1. Monostatic Scattering Patterns
			5.3.1.1. Distribution Response of the Backscattering Coefficient
			5.3.1.2. SA by Information Entropy
		5.3.2. Bistatic Scattering Patterns
	5.4. Dependences on Radar Parameters
		5.4.1. Sensitivity to Incident Angle
		5.4.2. Sensitivity to Polarization
		5.4.3. Sensitivity to Multi-Angle
	5.5. Dependences on Surface Parameters
		5.5.1. Sensitivity to Soil Moisture
		5.5.2. Sensitivity to RMS Height
		5.5.3. Sensitivity to Correlation Length
	References
6. Geophysical Parameters Estimation
	6.1. Bayesian Estimation
	6.2. Cramer-Rao Bound
	6.3. Least Square Estimation
	6.4. Kalman Filter-Based Estimation
	References
7. Selected Model Applications to Remote Sensing
	7.1. Surface Parameter Response to Radar Observations--A Quick Look
		7.1.1. Comparison with POLARSCAT Data
			7.1.1.1 For Surface 1 (S1)
			7.1.1.2 For Surface 2 (S2)
			7.1.1.3 For Surface 3 (S3)
		7.1.2. Comparison with EMSL Data
		7.1.3. Comparison with SMOSREX06 Data
	7.2. Surface Parameter Retrieval
		7.2.1. Data Input-Output and Training Samples
		7.2.2. Retrieval Results Using Backscattering Coefficients
		7.2.3. Retrieval Using Bistatic Scattering Coefficients
		7.2.4. Comparison with Image-Based Surface Parameter Estimation from Polarimetric SAR Image Data
	7.3. Direction Estimation of Incident Source: A Data Analytic Example
	References
8. Radar Imaging Techniques
	8.1. Stochastic Wave Equations
	8.2. Time-Reversal Imaging
	8.3. Synthetic Aperture Imaging
		8.3.1. Signal Model
		8.3.2. SAR Path Trajectory
		8.3.3. Antenna Beam Tracking
		8.3.4. Simulation Examples
	8.4. Mutual Coherence Function
	8.5. Bistatic SAR Imaging
		8.5.1. Bistatic SAR Scattering Property
		8.5.2. Bistatic Imaging Geometry and Signal Model
		8.5.3. Bistatic Range History
		8.5.4. Examples
	References
	Appendix 8A
	Appendix 8B
9. Computational Electromagnetic Imaging of Rough Surfaces
	9.1. Rough Surfaces Fabrication by 3D Printing
	9.2. Experimental Measurements and Calibration
	9.3. Data Acquisition and Image Formation
	9.4. Image Statistics and Quality
	References
10. Advanced Topic: A Moon-Based Imaging of Earth's Surface
	10.1. Radar Moon-Earth Geometry
		10.1.1. Time and Space Coordinates
		10.1.2. Transformations from the ECI to ECR
	10.2. Spatiotemporal Coverage
		10.2.1. Geometric Parameters
		10.2.2. Effective Range
		10.2.3. Moon-based SAR's Spatial Coverage
		10.2.4. Temporal Variations in the Spatial Coverage
		10.2.5. Numerical Illustration of Spatiotemporal Coverage
			10.2.5.1 Hourly Variations
			10.2.5.2 Global Accumulated Visible Time within Different Periods
	10.3. Propagation through Ionospheric Layers
		10.3.1. Phase Error due to Temporal-Spatial Varying Background Ionosphere
		10.3.2. Slant Range in the Context of Background Ionospheric Effects
		10.3.3. SAR Signal in the Context of Background Ionospheric Effects
	10.4. Image Distortions by Dispersive Effects
		10.4.1. Ionospheric Effects on Range Imaging
			10.4.1.1 Range shift
			10.4.1.2 Range Defocusing
		10.4.2. Ionospheric Effects on Azimuth Imaging
			10.4.2.1 Azimuth Shift
			10.4.2.2 Azimuth Defocusing
	10.5. Image Simulations and Error Analysis
		10.5.1. Imaging of Point Targets
		10.5.2. Imaging of Extended Target
	References
Index