Racial Integration in Corporate America, 1940-1990

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Statistical Tables......Page 8
Introduction......Page 9
Defining Terms......Page 19
Sources......Page 20
Part I: Color-Blind Groundwork, 1940–1961......Page 23
1 The African American Struggle for Jobs......Page 25
Patterns of Exclusion and Discrimination......Page 26
Overcoming Color: Fair Employment and Equal Opportunity Activism, 1940–1964......Page 30
The Wartime FEPC and the Movement for Fair Employment......Page 33
The Southern Civil Rights Movement, Title VII, and the EEOC......Page 42
Bringing Color Back In: Boycotts, Riots, and Affirmative Action......Page 44
Conclusion......Page 49
2 Fair Employment Is Good Business......Page 50
American Business at Midcentury......Page 52
“The Negro Market”......Page 55
The Labor Market......Page 61
Manpower Utilization......Page 64
The Cold War......Page 66
Averting Legislation......Page 69
Public Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility......Page 72
Corporate Leadership......Page 73
Labor Conflict......Page 74
Fair Employment and Rugged Individualism......Page 77
Conclusion......Page 79
3 Racial Liberalism and the Mid-Twentieth-Century Businessman......Page 80
Changing Racial Attitudes......Page 81
Racial Liberalism and the Liberal Consensus......Page 94
Foundations......Page 100
4 Human Relations in Management......Page 107
The Rise of Human Relations in Management......Page 108
Background in Race Relations......Page 116
HR Techniques and Racial Integration......Page 120
Kurt Lewin, Group Dynamics, and the T-Group......Page 129
Conclusion......Page 136
5 Human Relations at International Harvester and Pitney-Bowes......Page 138
International Harvester......Page 139
Implementing the Fair Employment Policy......Page 145
Hiring and Promotion: The Supervisor Problem......Page 147
Seniority......Page 152
Training for Black Workers......Page 154
Human Relations and Fair Employment......Page 155
Results......Page 157
Pitney-Bowes......Page 161
Analysis and Conclusion......Page 166
Part II: Color-Conscious Ascendancy, 1961–1990......Page 169
6 How Compliance Became Voluntarism......Page 171
The State FEPCs......Page 173
Government Contract Compliance Committees......Page 183
Plans for Progress......Page 185
Conclusion......Page 199
7 The National Association of Manufacturers Helps Out......Page 202
About the NAM......Page 203
The NAM and Fair Employment, 1941–61......Page 207
The NAM and Equal Employment Opportunity Legislation, 1957–65......Page 212
The EEOC......Page 219
The OFCC......Page 224
Conclusion......Page 231
8 Changing Hiring Criteria......Page 233
Unemployment, Urban Crisis, and State Solutions......Page 235
“Social Responsibility” in the Private Sector......Page 237
The National Alliance of Businessmen......Page 239
Part of the Solution: The Case of Control Data Corporation......Page 247
Conclusion......Page 261
9 The Du Pont Company’s Affirmative Action Efforts......Page 263
The Du Pont Company......Page 264
Du Pont's EEO Efforts before 1968......Page 265
Wilmington, Du Pont, and Race......Page 268
Du Pont Confronts New Racial Realities......Page 273
Management Development and Affirmative Action......Page 277
The State of the Unions......Page 280
What Du Pont Tells Us......Page 283
Epilogue: From Affirmative Action to Diversity......Page 288
Statistical Tables......Page 293
Archival andManuscript Collections......Page 297
Books and Articles......Page 298
Acknowledgments......Page 315
Index......Page 317