Racial and Ethnic Groups

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Features......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
About the Author......Page 28
1 Society and Social Groups......Page 32
Ranking Groups......Page 35
Ethnic Groups......Page 37
Speaking Out: Problem of the Color Line......Page 38
Does Race Matter?......Page 39
Intelligence Tests......Page 40
Social Construction of Race......Page 41
Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I?......Page 42
Research Focus: Multiracial Identity......Page 43
Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity......Page 44
Functionalist Perspective......Page 45
Conflict Perspective......Page 46
Labeling Theory......Page 47
The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status......Page 48
Annexation......Page 49
Colonialism......Page 50
Extermination......Page 51
Secession......Page 52
Segregation......Page 53
Fusion......Page 54
Assimilation......Page 55
Resistance and Change......Page 57
2 Social Inequality and Hostility......Page 62
Research Focus: Virtual Prejudice and Anti-Prejudice......Page 64
LaPiere’s Study......Page 65
White Privilege......Page 67
Authoritarian Personality Theory......Page 68
Normative Approach......Page 69
What Are Stereotypes?......Page 70
Speaking Out: Gangsters, Gooks, Geishas, and Geeks......Page 71
Stereotyping in Action: Racial Profiling......Page 72
Color-Blind Racism......Page 73
The Mood of the Oppressed......Page 74
Intergroup Hostility......Page 76
Reducing Prejudice......Page 78
Mass Media......Page 79
The Social Distance Scale......Page 81
Equal Status Contact......Page 82
Corporate Response: Diversity Training......Page 83
3 Social Justice......Page 89
A Global View: The Roma: A Thousand Years of Discrimination......Page 91
What Are Hate Crimes?......Page 92
Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Penalties?......Page 93
Institutional Discrimination......Page 94
Discrimination Today......Page 95
Discrimination Hits the Wallet......Page 96
Eliminating Discrimination......Page 98
Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy......Page 100
Research Focus: The Unequal Wealth Distribution......Page 101
Environmental Justice......Page 102
Affirmative Action Explained......Page 103
The Legal Debate......Page 104
Speaking Out: The Conversation We’re Not Having When We Talk About Affirmative Action......Page 106
Reverse Discrimination......Page 107
The Glass Ceiling......Page 108
4 Immigration......Page 114
Patterns of Immigration to the United States......Page 116
The Anti-Chinese Movement......Page 118
Speaking Out: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882......Page 120
The National Origin System......Page 121
The Immigration and Nationality Act......Page 122
Contemporary Social Concerns......Page 123
The Brain Drain......Page 124
Language Barriers......Page 125
The Economic Impact......Page 127
Research Focus: The Hispanic Dairyland......Page 128
Illegal Immigration......Page 130
Path to Citizenship: Naturalization......Page 133
Women and Immigration......Page 134
The Global Economy and Immigration......Page 135
Refugees......Page 137
5 Ethnicity and Religious Tolerance......Page 142
Studying Whiteness......Page 144
Rediscovering Ethnicity......Page 145
Ethnic Paradox......Page 146
Speaking Out: The Next Americans......Page 147
The German Americans......Page 148
Twenty First-Century German America......Page 149
Irish Immigration......Page 150
Becoming White......Page 151
The Contemporary Picture......Page 152
Early Immigration......Page 153
Constructing Identity......Page 154
The Contemporary Picture......Page 155
The Polish Americans......Page 156
Polonia......Page 157
The Contemporary Picture......Page 158
Religious Pluralism......Page 159
Diversity among Protestants......Page 163
School Prayer......Page 165
Secessionist Minorities......Page 166
Public Displays......Page 167
6 Native Americans: The First Americans......Page 171
Early European Contacts......Page 173
Treaties and Warfare......Page 174
The Reorganization Act......Page 176
Reservation Life and Federal Policies......Page 177
Legal Claims......Page 178
Employment Assistance Program......Page 179
Collective Action......Page 181
Speaking Out: Holocaust Museum of the Indigenous People Should Be Built at Wounded Knee......Page 182
Sovereignty......Page 184
Individual Identity......Page 185
Native Americans Today......Page 186
Tourism......Page 187
Casino Gambling......Page 188
Education......Page 190
Religious and Spiritual Expression......Page 192
Environment......Page 193
7 African Americans......Page 198
Slavery......Page 199
Slave Codes......Page 200
The Attack on Slavery......Page 201
Slavery’s Aftermath......Page 202
Reflecting on Slavery Today......Page 203
The Politics of Accommodation......Page 204
The Niagara Movement......Page 205
Reemergence of Black Protest......Page 207
The Civil Rights Movement......Page 208
Civil Disobedience......Page 209
Urban Violence and Oppression......Page 211
Black Power......Page 212
Speaking Out: The New Jim Crow......Page 213
The Religious Force......Page 214
The New Immigration......Page 215
8 African Americans Today......Page 218
Speaking Out: On the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington......Page 219
Education......Page 220
School Segregation......Page 221
Acting White, Acting Black, or Neither......Page 222
Higher Education......Page 223
The Middle Class......Page 224
Research Focus: Moving on Up, or Not......Page 225
Employment......Page 226
Challenges to Family Stability......Page 227
Housing......Page 228
Criminal Justice......Page 229
Healthcare......Page 231
Politics......Page 233
9 Latinos: The Largest Minority......Page 238
Latino Identity......Page 240
The Economic Picture......Page 241
Education......Page 242
Research Focus: English-Language Acquisition......Page 243
The Political Presence......Page 244
Religion......Page 245
Cuban Americans......Page 246
Immigration......Page 247
The Current Picture......Page 248
Immigration......Page 250
The Current Picture......Page 252
10 Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans......Page 256
Mexican Americans......Page 257
The Immigrant Experience......Page 258
Chavez and the Farm Laborers......Page 260
The Borderlands......Page 262
Family Life......Page 263
Puerto Ricans......Page 264
The Bridge Between the Island and the Mainland......Page 265
The Island of Puerto Rico......Page 266
Speaking Out: Puerto Ricans Cannot Be Silenced......Page 267
Issues of Statehood and Self-Rule......Page 268
The Island Economy......Page 269
11 Muslim and Arab Americans: Diverse Minorities......Page 273
Arab Americans......Page 275
Muslim Americans......Page 277
Research Focus: Self-Identifying as “Arab American”......Page 278
Black Muslims......Page 280
Immigration to the United States......Page 282
Islamophobia......Page 283
Speaking Out: Arab Problem......Page 284
Contemporary Life in the United States......Page 285
Family Life and Gender......Page 286
Politics......Page 287
A Global View: Muslims in France......Page 288
12 Asian Americans: Growth and Diversity......Page 292
Is There a Model Minority?......Page 295
Political Activity and Pan-Asian Identity......Page 298
Immigration......Page 299
The Current Picture......Page 300
Immigration Patterns......Page 301
The Current Picture......Page 302
Historical Background......Page 303
The Current Picture......Page 304
Southeast Asian Americans......Page 305
The Current Picture......Page 306
Case Study: A Hmong Community......Page 307
Historical Background......Page 308
The Sovereignty Movement......Page 309
Speaking Out: Recognizing Native Hawaiians......Page 310
13 Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans......Page 314
Chinese Americans......Page 315
Early Settlement Patterns......Page 316
Organizational Life......Page 317
Social Problems......Page 318
Family Life......Page 319
Research Focus: Tiger Mothers......Page 320
Early Japanese Immigration......Page 321
Executive Order 9066......Page 322
The Camps......Page 323
The Evacuation: What Does It Mean?......Page 325
Speaking Out: Anti-Bullying......Page 326
Family Life......Page 327
Remnants of Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 328
14 Jewish Americans: Quest to Maintain Identity......Page 332
The Jewish People: Race, Religion, or Ethnic Group?......Page 334
Immigration of Jews to the United States......Page 335
Origins......Page 337
The Holocaust......Page 339
U.S. Anti-Semitism: Past......Page 340
Contemporary Anti-Semitism......Page 341
American Jews and Israel......Page 342
Employment and Income......Page 343
Political Activity......Page 344
The Orthodox Tradition......Page 345
The Reform Tradition......Page 346
Jewish Identity......Page 348
Role of Religion......Page 349
Role of Cultural Heritage......Page 350
15 Women: The Oppressed Majority......Page 354
Gender Roles......Page 356
Sociological Perspectives......Page 357
The Women’s Liberation Movement......Page 358
Feminism Today......Page 359
The Economic Picture......Page 360
Research Focus: Give Me a Male Boss......Page 362
Sources of Discrimination......Page 363
Feminization of Poverty......Page 366
Education......Page 367
Family Life......Page 368
Childcare and Housework......Page 369
Abortion......Page 370
Speaking Out: What Do Women and Men Want?......Page 371
Matrix of Domination: Minority Women......Page 372
16 Beyond the United States: The Comparative Perspective......Page 376
Mexico: Diversity South of the Border......Page 378
The Mexican Indian People and the Color Gradient......Page 379
The Status of Women......Page 380
The First Nations......Page 381
The Québécois......Page 382
Immigration and Race......Page 383
The “Racial Democracy” Illusion......Page 384
Brazilian Dilemma......Page 385
Arab–Israeli Conflicts......Page 387
The Search for Solutions amid Violence......Page 389
Republic of South Africa......Page 390
Apartheid......Page 391
Speaking Out: Africa, It Is Ours!......Page 392
Research Focus: Intergroup Contact and South Africa......Page 393
17 Overcoming Exclusion......Page 397
The Aged: A Social Minority......Page 398
Who Are the Elderly?......Page 399
Research Focus: The Three Maxes......Page 400
The Economic Picture......Page 401
Advocacy Efforts by the Elderly......Page 402
Disability in Contemporary Society......Page 403
Labeling People with Disabilities......Page 404
Speaking Out: My Journey Into the Deaf World......Page 405
Advocacy for Disability Rights......Page 407
Gays and Lesbians: Coming Out for Equality......Page 408
Being Gay and Lesbian in the United States......Page 409
Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 410
Advocacy for Gay and Lesbian Rights......Page 412
Glossary......Page 416
References......Page 421
Photo Credits......Page 443
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