Quinoa : sustainable production, variety improvement, and nutritive value in agroecological systems

Content: Chapter 1 Quinoa: an Incan Crop to Face Global Changes in Agriculture Juan Antonio Gonzalez,Sayed Eisa, Sayed Hussin, and Fernando E. Prado    Introduction    A Brief History of Quinoa Cultivation    Nutritional Value of Quinoa Seed    Botanical and Genetic Characteristics of the Quinoa Plant    Quiona and Environmental Stresses: Drought and Salinity    Conclusion    References    Chapter 2 History of Quinoa: Its Origin, Domestication, Diversification and Cultivation with Particular Reference to the Chilean Context Enrique A. Martinez, Francisco F. Fuentes, Didier Bazile    Abstract    Quinoa Origins in the Central Andes    Ancient Expansion to Southern Latitudes in Chile    Re-introduction of Quinoa in Arid Chile after Local Extinction    Final remarks    References    Chapter 3 Agroecological and Agronomic Cultural Practices of Quinoa in South America Magali Garcia, Bruno Condori, and Carmen Del Castillo    Introduction    Andean Domestication    Botanical and Taxonomical Description    Genetic Background and Research on Quinoa Genetics    Ecology and Phytogeography    Quinoa Production    Climate    Drought Resistance    Temperature and Photoperiod    Hail    Cultivation    Sowing    Fertilization of Quinoa    Cultural Practices    Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation    Biotic Threats: Pests and Diseases    Seed Harvest and Post-harvest Technology    References    Chapter 4 Trends in Quinoa Yield Over the Southern Bolivian Altiplano: Lessons from Climate and Land-Use Projections Serge Rambal, Jean-Pierre Ratte, Florent Mouillot, and Thierry Winkel    Summary    Introduction    Material and Methods    The Study Area    Recent Past and Present Climate    Source of Climate Scenarios    Simulating the Yield Index at Local or Plot Scale    The Soil Water Balance Model    Scenarios of Land Use / Land Cover Changes    Scaling Local Yield Index up to the Region    Results    Drought History Over the Area    Climate Projections and Soil Drought Limitation    Time Variation of Yield at Local or Plot Scale    Model Results at Landscape Level    Discussion    Acknowledgements    References    Chapter 5 The Potential of Using Natural Enemies and Chemical Compounds in Quinoa for Biological Control of Insect Pests Mariana Valoy, Carmen Reguilon, and Griselda Podazza    Introduction    Insects in Quinoa    Insect Pests of Quinoa    Beneficial Insects in Quinoa    Parasitoids    Predators    Entomophatogens    Chemical Responses of Quinoa to Insect Herbivory    Quinoa Secondary Metabolites    Terpenoid Compounds    Phenolic Compounds    Potential of Biological Control in Quinoa    Potential for Ecological Management in Quinoa    References    Chapter 6 Quinoa Breeding Luz Gomez Pando    History-Domestication Process    Collection of Genetic Resources    Goals and Methods of Quinoa Breeding    Requirement of the farmers    Higher Yield    Plant Height    Stalk Strength    Life Cycle    Resistance to Biotic Stresses    Resistance to Abiotic Stresses    Plant Morphology    Harvest Index    Requirement of the Industry and Consumers    Protein Content and Composition    Seed Characteristics    Methods in Genetic Improvement    Reproductive Biology    Polyploidy Level    Quinoa Breeding Methods    Selection    Individual Selection    Mass Selection    Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB)    Introduction of Foreign Germplasm    Hybridization    Selection of Parents    Flowering Biology    Emasculation and Pollination Procedure    Bulk or Mass selection    Individual or Pedigree Selection    Combination of Individual and Mass Selection    Single     Seed Descent    Interspecific and Intergeneric Crosses    Backcross Method    Using Heterosis in Quinoa    Mutagenesis    Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)    Conclusion    References    Chapter 7 Quinoa Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Diversity Janet B. Matanguihan,Peter J. Maughan, Eric N. Jellen, and Bozena Kolano    Introduction    Cytogenetics and Genome Structure of Chenopodium quinoa    Crossability of Quinoa and Allied Tetraploid Taxa    DNA Sequence Evidence for Quinoa   s Genomic Origins    Quinoa Genetic Markers and Linkage Maps    Quinoa Diversity    Phenotypic diversity    Genetic diversity    Summary    References    Chapter 8 Ex-situ Conservation of Quinoa: the Bolivian Experience Wilfredo Rojas and Milton Pinto    Introduction    Centers of Origin and Diversity of Quinoa    Geographical Distribution of Quinoa    Genebanks of the Andean Region    Bolivian Collection of Quinoa Germplasm    History and Management of the Quinoa Germplasm    Current Status of Quinoa Germplasm    Steps for Ex-Situ Management and Conservation of Quinoa    Collection of Quinoa Germplasm    Technical Procedure for Quinoa Germplasm Collection    History and Evolution of Quinoa Germplasm Collections    Distribution of Quinoa Germplasm Collection    Preliminary Multiplication of Quinoa Germplasm    Storage and Conservation of Quinoa Germplasm    Short and Medium Term Storage (1 to 20 years)    Long Term Storage (80 to 100 years)    Characterization and Evaluation of the Quinoa Germplasm    Stages of Germplasm Characterization and Evaluation    Agro-morphological Variables    Agro-food and Nutritional Value Variables    Molecular Characterization    Multiplication and Regeneration of Quinoa Germplasm    Monitoring of Seed Quantity and Percentage of Seed Germination    Technical Procedure for Multiplication and/or Regeneration    Regeneration Schedule    Documentation and Information on Quinoa Germplasm    Utilization of Quinoa Germplasm    Direct Use    Procedure to Apply Participatory Evaluation Techniques for Quinoa    Participatory Assessments with Quinoa Germplasm    Training Courses on the Varied Uses of Quinoa    Indirect Use    Quinoa Core Collection    Social Use    Promotion and Dissemination    Formal and Informal Education    Conclusions    References    Chapter 9 Quinoa Breeding in Africa: History, Goals and Progress Moses Maliro and Veronica Guwela    Introduction    Origin of quinoa    Introducing Quinoa in Africa    Food Security in Africa    Prevalence of Malnutrition    Nutritional Value of Quinoa    Quinoa as Alternative Crop in Malawi    Increasing Awareness About Quinoa    Ecological Adaptation of Quinoa    Goals of Quinoa Bredding in Africa    Quinoa Studies Under Malawi Conditions    Cultivars Introduced    General Climate Conditions    Plant Growth Performance    Genotype Performance    Quinoa Studies in Kenya    Experimental Sites and Climatic Conditions    Plant Growth and Grain Yield    Pests and Diseases    Challenges and Considerations for Future Research    Plant Lodging    Acceptability    Agronomic Practices    Rainfed Versus Irrigated Cropping Systems    Conclusion    References    Chapter 10 Quinoa Cultivation for Temperate North America: Considerations and Areas for Investigation Adam Peterson and Kevin Murphy    Introduction    Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses    Heat Tolerance    Drought Tolerance    Cold Tolerance    Salinity Tolerance    Production Aspects    Variety selection    Fertilization    Planting/Spacing    Maturity and Harvesting    Challenges to Quinoa Production    Waterlogging and Sprouting    Disease    Insect Pests    Weed Control    Saponins    Alternative Uses of Quinoa    Forage    Feed    Conclusion    References    Chapter 11 Nutritional Properties of Quinoa    Geyang Wu    Introduction    Protein    Carbohydrates    Starch    Sugar    Dietary Fiber    Lipids    Vitamins    Minerals    Anti-nutritional Factors of Quinoa    Bioactive Compounds    Phenolic compounds    Carotenoids    Summary    References    Chapter 12 Quinoa   s Calling Sergio Nunez de Arco