Quantum Electronics for Atomic Physics

Contents......Page 10
1.2 The paraxial wave equation......Page 14
1.3 Gaussian beam functions and the complex beam parameter, q......Page 15
1.4 Some Gaussian beam properties......Page 16
1.5 The phase term: Gouy phase......Page 18
1.6 Simple transformation properties of the complex beam parameter......Page 19
1.7 Matrix formulation of paraxial ray optics: ABCD rule......Page 21
1.8 Further reading......Page 23
1.9 Problems......Page 24
2.2 The two-mirror standing wave cavity......Page 26
2.3 Stability......Page 28
2.4 Solution for an arbitrary two-mirror stable cavity......Page 30
2.5 Higher-order modes......Page 32
2.6 Resonant frequencies......Page 34
2.7 The traveling wave (ring) cavity......Page 36
2.8 Astigmatism in a ring cavity......Page 39
2.9 Mode matching......Page 43
2.10 Beam quality characterization: the M[sup(2)] parameter......Page 45
2.11 Further reading......Page 47
2.12 Problems......Page 48
3.2 Reflection and transmission at an interface......Page 49
3.3 Reflected fields from standing wave cavity......Page 50
3.4 Internal (circulating) field in a standing wave cavity......Page 51
3.5 Reflected and internal intensities......Page 52
3.6 The resonant character of the reflected and circulating intensities......Page 53
3.7 Impedance matching......Page 54
3.8 Fields and intensities in ring cavity......Page 57
3.9 A novel “reflective” coupling scheme using a tilted wedge......Page 58
3.10 Photon lifetime......Page 59
3.12 Relation between Q and finesse......Page 60
3.14 Experimental determination of cavity parameters......Page 61
3.15 Further reading......Page 63
3.16 Problems......Page 64
4.2 A simple example......Page 66
4.3 Side of resonance discriminant......Page 68
4.4 The manipulation of polarized beams: the Jones calculus......Page 69
4.5 The polarization technique......Page 71
4.6 Frequency modulation......Page 74
4.7 The Pound–Drever–Hall approach......Page 76
4.8 Frequency response of a cavity-based discriminator......Page 80
4.10 Problems......Page 83
5.2 The wave equation......Page 85
5.3 The interaction term......Page 86
5.4 The rotating wave approximation......Page 87
5.5 Density matrix of two-level system......Page 88
5.6 The classical Bloch equation......Page 90
5.7 Radiative and collision-induced damping......Page 92
5.8 The atomic susceptibility and optical gain......Page 97
5.9 The Einstein A and B coefficients......Page 101
5.10 Doppler broadening: an example of inhomogeneous broadening......Page 105
5.11 Comments on saturation......Page 107
5.13 Problems......Page 111
6.2 The condition for laser oscillation......Page 113
6.3 The power output of a laser......Page 114
6.4 Pumping in three-level and four-level laser systems......Page 116
6.5 Laser oscillation frequencies and pulling......Page 119
6.6 Inhomogeneous broadening and multimode behavior......Page 120
6.7 Spatial hole burning......Page 122
6.8 Some consequences of the photon model for laser radiation......Page 123
6.9 The photon statistics of laser radiation......Page 125
6.10 The ultimate linewidth of a laser......Page 130
6.12 Problems......Page 132
7.2 The He-Ne laser......Page 134
7.3 The argon ion laser......Page 136
7.4 The continuous wave organic dye laser......Page 139
7.5 The titanium-sapphire laser......Page 143
7.6 The CW neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser......Page 145
7.7 The YAG non-planar ring oscillator: a novel ring laser geometry......Page 147
7.8 Diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) YAG lasers......Page 148
7.9 Further reading......Page 149
8.2 Solid state physics background......Page 150
8.3 Optical gain in a semiconductor......Page 161
8.5 Problems......Page 170
9.2 The homojunction semiconductor laser......Page 172
9.3 The double heterostructure laser......Page 175
9.4 Quantum well lasers......Page 180
9.5 Distributed feedback lasers......Page 186
9.6 The rate equations and relaxation oscillations......Page 192
9.7 Diode laser frequency control and linewidth......Page 200
9.8 External cavity diode lasers (ECDLs)......Page 205
9.9 Semiconductor laser amplifiers and injection locking......Page 215
9.10 Miscellaneous characteristics of semiconductor lasers......Page 221
9.12 Problems......Page 223
10.2 Theory of mode locking......Page 225
10.3 Mode locking techniques......Page 230
10.4 Dispersion and its compensation......Page 234
10.5 The mode-locked Ti-sapphire laser......Page 238
10.6 Frequency metrology using a femtosecond laser......Page 241
10.7 The carrier envelope offset......Page 243
10.9 Problems......Page 246
11.2 Laser frequency stabilization – a first look......Page 248
11.3 The effect of the loop filter......Page 250
11.4 Elementary noise considerations......Page 251
11.5 Some linear system theory......Page 254
11.6 The stability of a linear system......Page 258
11.7 Negative feedback......Page 260
11.8 Some actual control systems......Page 269
11.9 Temperature stabilization......Page 275
11.10 Laser frequency stabilization......Page 279
11.11 Optical fiber phase noise and its cancellation......Page 288
11.12 Characterization of laser frequency stability......Page 290
11.13 Frequency locking to a noisy resonance......Page 296
11.15 Problems......Page 298
12.2 Sub-Doppler saturation spectroscopy......Page 300
12.3 Sub-Doppler dichroic atomic vapour laser locking (sub-Doppler DAVLL) and polarization spectroscopy......Page 306
12.4 An example of a side-of-line atomic discriminant......Page 311
12.6 Problems......Page 312
13.2 Anisotropic crystals......Page 314
13.3 Second harmonic generation......Page 322
13.4 Birefringent phase matching......Page 327
13.5 Quasi-phase-matching......Page 333
13.6 Second harmonic generation using a focused beam......Page 338
13.7 Second harmonic generation in a cavity......Page 345
13.8 Sum-frequency generation......Page 350
13.9 Parametric interactions......Page 351
13.11Problems......Page 364
14.2 The linear electro-optic effect......Page 365
14.3 Bulk electro-optic modulators......Page 367
14.4 Traveling wave electro-optic modulators......Page 372
14.5 Acousto-optic modulators......Page 373
14.7 Problems......Page 385
References......Page 387
C......Page 391
H......Page 392
P......Page 393
W......Page 394