Quantum Dots and Polymer Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Chemistry, and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Editor Biographies
Contributors
1. Introduction to Quantum Dots and Their Polymer Composites
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Synthesis Overview of Quantum Dots
	1.3 Optical Properties of QDs
	1.4 Upconversion Optical Characteristics
	1.5 Polymer-Based Bioactivation of QDs
	1.6 Applications of QD-Polymer Composites
		1.6.1 Biomedical Area
	1.7 Environmental Pollution Remediation Area
	1.8 Summary
	References
2. What Are Quantum Dots?
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 General Properties of Quantum Dots
	2.3 Characteristics of Quantum Dots
	2.4 Types of Quantum Dots
		2.4.1 Core-Type QDs
		2.4.2 Core-Shell QDs
		2.4.3 Alloyed QDs
		2.4.4 Doped Quantum Dots
	2.5 Methodology for Developing Quantum Dots
		2.5.1 Stranski-Krastanow Growth
		2.5.2 Nanoscale Patterning
		2.5.3 Colloidal Nanosynthesis
	2.6 Optoelectronic Properties of Quantum Dots
	2.7 Application of Quantum Dots
		2.7.1 Optoelectronic Devices
		2.7.2 Quantum Computing
		2.7.3 Biological and Chemical Applications
		2.7.4 QDs in Memory Applications
	2.8 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
3. Synthesis of Quantum Dots
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Physical Strategy
	3.3 Chemical Strategy
		3.3.1 Colloidal Quantum Dot Synthesis via Micellar Synthesis
		3.3.2 High-Temperature Injection Organometallic Synthesis of QDs
		3.3.3 Organometallic Synthesis of QDs by Noninjection Method
		3.3.4 Synthesis of Hydrophilic QDs
	3.4 Preparation of QDs Using Biosynthetic Approach
	3.5 Scaling-Up Aspect of the QD Synthesis
		3.5.1 Microreactor or Microfluidic Synthesis of QDs
		3.5.2 Synthesis of QDs by Rotating Packed Bed Reactor
		3.5.3 Synthesis of QDs Using Spray-Based Technique
	3.6 Conclusion and Prospect
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of Interest
	References
4. Optical Properties of Quantum Dots
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Approaches for Tuning the Optical Characteristics
		4.2.1 Regulating the Intrinsic Characteristics of QDs
		4.2.2 Modulation of the Surface
		4.2.3 Doping Methods
	4.3 Optical Properties
	4.4 Photostability of Quantum Dots
	4.5 Current Theories for PL Mechanisms
		4.5.1 Recent Developments in Understanding Photoluminescence
	4.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
5. Surface Properties of Quantum Dots
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Surface Ligands
		5.2.1 Organic Ligands
		5.2.2 Inorganic Ligands
	5.3 Surface Modification of QDs
	5.4 Surface Modification Strategies to Improve Solubilization and Stability of the QDs
		5.4.1 Solubilization by Ligand Exchange
		5.4.2 Solubilization by Hydrophobic Interaction
		5.4.3 Silica Encapsulation
	5.5 Characterization of QD Surfaces
	5.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
6. Impact of Doping on Efficiency of Quantum Dots
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methods of Preparation
		6.2.1 Top-Down Approach
		6.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach
	6.3 Significant Applications of Quantum Dots
		6.3.1 Plant Bioimaging
		6.3.2 Animal Bioimaging
		6.3.3 Prokaryote Bioimaging
		6.3.4 Tracking of Particles
		6.3.5 In situ Imaging
		6.3.6 Drug Delivery
		6.3.7 Detection of Various Cancers
		6.3.8 Imaging and Sensing of Infectious Diseases
	6.4 Doping
	6.5 Significance of Doping into Quantum Dots
		6.5.1 Electrochemical Doping of Quantum Dots
		6.5.2 n-type Doping by Lithium Ion Intercalation
		6.5.3 Elemental Doping of Graphene QDs
		6.5.4 Doping on InAs/GaAs QD Solar Cells
		6.5.5 Effects of Dopants (N and P) on the Size and Quantum Yield
		6.5.6 Effect of Doping on the Structural and Optical Properties
		6.5.7 Effect of Doping on the Electrons and Holes
		6.5.8 Silver-Doped PbSe Quantum Dots
		6.5.9 Effect of Copper Doping on Electronic Structure
		6.5.10 Effect of Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots
		6.5.11 Effect of Mg and Cu Doping on ZnS Quantum Dots
		6.5.12 Effect of Mn Doping on CdS Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells
		6.5.13 Effect of Si Doping on InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Solar Cells
		6.5.14 Effect of Silicon Delta-Doping
		6.5.15 Diffusion Doping in Quantum Dots
		6.5.16 Significance of p-Doping for Quantum Dot Laser
		6.5.17 Impact of Modulation p-Doping in InAs Quantum Dot Lasers
		6.5.18 Mn:Cu Co-Doped CdS Nanocrystals
	6.6 Conclusion
	Conflict of Interest
	References
7. Fabrication Methods of Quantum Dots-Polymer Composites
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Quantum Dots
	7.3 QD Polymer Nanocomposites
	7.4 Fabrication Techniques for QD Polymer Nanocomposites
		7.4.1 Blending Methods
			7.4.1.1 Melt Blending Method
			7.4.1.2 Solution Blending Method
		7.4.2 Chemical Grafting Method
		7.4.3 In situ Polymerization Method
		7.4.4 Layer-by-Layer Method
		7.4.5 Microwave Methods
	7.5 Challenges in QD-Polymer Nanocomposite Formation
	7.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
8. Reinforcement Mechanisms of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Benefits and Complexities of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
	8.3 Dispersions and Agglomeration of Nanofillers in Polymer Matrices
	8.4 Various Nanofillers for Polymer Matrices
		8.4.1 Shape Dependency Reinforcement
		8.4.2 Nanofiller Chemistry
		8.4.3 Nanofiller Size and Shape
	8.5 Carbon Dots: Features and Surface Properties
	8.6 Quantum Dots
	8.7 Polymer Dots and Their Hybrids
	8.8 Reinforcement Behaviors of Fillers into Polymer Matrices
	8.9 Summary and Outlook
	References
9. Quantum Dots Modified Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Plastic Composites
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Polymer Nanocomposites
	9.3 Typical Polymers in QDs/Polymer Composites
	9.4 Quantum Dots
	9.5 Synthesis Methods of Quantum Dots
		9.5.1 Top-Down Approach
			9.5.1.1 Chemical/Electrochemical Oxidation
			9.5.1.2 Arc Discharge
			9.5.1.3 Laser Ablation
		9.5.2 Bottom-Up Approach (Self-Assembly)
			9.5.2.1 Wet Chemical Methods
				9.5.2.1.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
				9.5.2.1.2 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis
				9.5.2.1.3 Ultrasonication
		9.5.3 Vapor Phase Methods
	9.6 Preparation of QDs/Polymer Composites
		9.6.1 Physical Mixing
		9.6.2 Chemical Grafting
		9.6.3 In situ Polymerization Method
	9.7 Dispersion of QDs in Polymer Matrix
	9.8 Applications of QD/Polymer Composites
	9.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
10. Quantum Dots-Rubber Composites
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Background and Challenges
	10.3 Surface Modification of QDs by Polymer Phases
	10.4 QDs in Elastomer Matrices
	10.5 Summary
	References
11. Biomedical Applications of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Chemical Structure of CQDs
	11.3 Preparation Methods of CQDs
		11.3.1 Top-Down Route
		11.3.2 Bottom-Up Route
	11.4 Strategies to Change Biodistribution and Toxicity
		11.4.1 Biodistribution
		11.4.2 Toxicity
	11.5 Applications of Carbon-Based Quantum Dots (CQDs)
		11.5.1 CQDs in Diagnosis
		11.5.2 CQDs with Dual Functions (Phototherapy and Radiotherapy)
		11.5.3 Role of CQDs in the Drug Delivery Field
		11.5.4 Gene Therapy
		11.5.5 Biosensing and Immunosensors
		11.5.6 Bone Tissue Enginnering
		11.5.7 Use in the Environment
	11.6 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future
	References
12. Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites as Sensors
	12.1 Carbon Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
		12.1.1 Optical Properties of Carbon Dots/Polymer Composites
		12.1.2 Sensing Application of Carbon Dots/Polymer Composites
		12.1.3 Chemical Sensors
		12.1.4 Biological Sensors
		12.1.5 Physical Sensors
	12.2 Graphene Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
		12.2.1 Heavy Metal Ion Sensing Using Graphene Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
		12.2.2 Sensing Disease Biomarkers Using Graphene Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
		12.2.3 Sensing Drugs and Contaminants Using Graphene Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
	12.3 Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
		12.3.1 Sensing of Organic Dye Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
		12.3.2 Sensing of Organophosphorous Pesticide Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
		12.3.3 Detection of UV Radiation Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composites
		12.3.4 Sensing of Chloride/Iodide Ion Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
		12.3.5 Biomolecule Sensing Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
		12.3.6 Development of pH Sensor Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composites
	12.4 Summary and Future Perspectives of Quantum Dot/Polymer Composites as Sensors
	Acknowledgments
	Declaration
	References
13. Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites in Light-Emitting Diode Applications
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Evolution of Quantum Dot-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
	13.3 Role of Quantum Dots in LEDs
	13.4 Perovskite Quantum Dots
	13.5 PbS Quantum Dots
	13.6 Challenges and Limitations in QD-Polymer Composites in LED Applications
		13.6.1 Challenges
		13.6.2 Compatibility of QDs with Polymers
		13.6.3 Reliability and Lifetime of QD-LEDs
		13.6.4 Combination of QDs with LEDs
		13.6.5 Limitations
	13.7 Recent Progress in QD-LEDs
		13.7.1 Compatibility of QDs and Polymer Matrix
		13.7.2 Modification of the QDs Surface Chemistry
		13.7.3 Incorporation of QDs into Polymer Nanomaterials
		13.7.4 Embedding QDs into Polymer Microspheres
		13.7.5 Optimization of QD-LED Spectra
		13.7.6 Color Matching Functions and Chromaticity Diagrams
		13.7.7 Color Gamut
		13.7.8 CRI and Color Quality Scale (CQS)
		13.7.9 Luminous Efficacy of Optical Radiation (LER)
		13.7.10 Increasing the Consistency and Lifetime of QD-LEDs
		13.7.11 Applications of Quantum Dots
	13.8 Display Devices
		13.8.1 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Backlighting
		13.8.2 Phosphors
		13.8.3 Solar Cell-Based Light Source
		13.8.4 Photodetectors
		13.8.5 Biomedical Imaging
		13.8.6 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
		13.8.7 Future Perceptive
	13.9 Conclusion
	References
14. Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites in Catalytic Applications
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Preparation Method of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
		14.2.1 Preparation of QDs/Polymer Composites by Blending Techniques
		14.2.2 In situ Preparation of Polymers in the Presence of QDs
		14.2.3 One-Step Fabrication of QDs and Polymer Composites
	14.3 Structures and Properties of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
	14.4 Polymer Quantum Dot Composites
		14.4.1 QDs and Thermoplastic Polymer Composites
		14.4.2 QDs and Thermosetting Polymer Composites
	14.5 Catalytic Activity of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
	14.6 Future Scope and Challenges
	14.7 Outlook
	14.8 Abbreviations
	References
15. Synthesis and Applications of Polymer-Quantum Dots Gels
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Polymer Gels
	15.3 Quantum Dots
	15.4 Properties of Polymer-Quantum Dot Gel Hybrids
		15.4.1 Size Distribution of PNIPAM-QDs Hybrids Using Transmission Electron Microscope
		15.4.2 Temperature and pH-Dependent Swelling Behavior of Hybrid Microgels
		15.4.3 pH-Dependent Photoluminescence Properties
		15.4.4 Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence Studies
	15.5 Synthesis of Polymer-Quantum Dots Gel Hybrids
		15.5.1 In situ Synthesis of Polymer-QDs Gel Hybrids
		15.5.2 Synthesis of Polymer-QDs Gels by Loading of Preformed QDs onto Polymer Gels
		15.5.3 Ligand Exchange between QDs and Polymer Gels
	15.6 Applications of Polymer-Quantum Dots Gel Hybrids
	15.7 Conclusion and Outlooks
	References
16. Biocompatibility of Polymer-Quantum Dot Composite
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Classification of Polymers
	16.3 Different Tests of Biocompatibility of Polymer Composites
		16.3.1 Cytotoxicity
			16.3.1.1 In-Vitro
			16.3.1.2 In-Vivo
	16.4 Biodegradability Test of Polymer Materials
		16.4.1 Soil Burial and Compost Conditions
		16.4.2 Dip-Hanging Method
		16.4.3 Anaerobic Biodegradation of Bioplastics
	16.5 Quantum Dots
		16.5.1 Methods of Coating the Quantum Dots
			16.5.1.1 Encapsulation
			16.5.1.2 Ligand Exchange
			16.5.1.3 Bioconjugation
	16.6 Biocompatible Polymer-Quantum Dot Composite Materials
		16.6.1 Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Protein
		16.6.2 Peptides
		16.6.3 Gelatin
		16.6.4 Cellulose
		16.6.5 Chitosan
		16.6.6 Alginate
		16.6.7 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
		16.6.8 PLA
		16.6.9 Silk
		16.6.10 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
	16.7 Conclusion
	References
17. Photoluminescence Property of Quantum Dots in Polymer Matrices
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Carbon Quantum Dots: A New Class of Carbonaceous Nanomaterial
	17.3 Origin of Photoluminescence in CQDs
	17.4 Fluorescence Properties of CQDs
	17.5 Fluorescence Emissions of Surface Defect-Derived Origins
	17.6 Surface Passivation and Quantum Yield
	17.7 Polymers as Support for CQDs
	17.8 Conclusion
	References
18. Environmental Impact of Quantum Dots and Their Polymer Composites
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Physicochemical Properties of QDs
	18.3 Mechanism and Chemistry Behind Quantum Dot-Based Pesticide Detection
	18.4 Effect of Doping of QDs for Pesticide Recognition
	18.5 Silica QD Composites for Pesticide Detection
	18.6 Polymer/Supramolecular Surface Decorated QDs for Pesticide Detection
	18.7 Surface Engineering of QDs by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)
	18.8 QD-Embedded Thin-Film Membranes
	18.9 Toxicity of QDs
	18.10 Exposure Pathways
	18.11 Cytotoxicity of QDs in Various Organs
	18.12 Conclusions and Future Perspective
	References
19. Quantum Dots and Their Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Varieties of Nanomaterials and Importance of Quantum Dots as Electrode Material
	19.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots, Polymers, and Nanocomposites
		19.3.1 Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Process
		19.3.2 Microwave Synthesis
		19.3.3 Electrochemical Process
		19.3.4 Direct Chemical Cutting Process
		19.3.5 Hummers Method
	19.4 Quantum Dots and Polymer Composites in Supercapacitor Applications
	19.5 Discussing Pros and Cons and Future Scope
	19.6 Conclusion
	References
20. Polymer Composites: Processing, Safety, and Disposal
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Common Biodegradable Polymers Used Biomedical Applications: Processing and Applications
		20.2.1 Plant Polymers
			20.2.1.1 Plant Polysaccharides and Their Bio-Nanocomposites
			20.2.1.2 Plant Protein and Their Composites
			20.2.1.3 Plant-Derived Lipids and Their Composites
		20.2.2 Animal Polymers
			20.2.2.1 Animal Polysaccharides and Their Nanocomposites
				20.2.2.1.1 Chitosan
			20.2.2.2 Animal Protein and Their Nanocomposites
				20.2.2.2.1 Gelatin and Nanocomposites
				20.2.2.2.2 Collagen and Nanocomposites
				20.2.2.2.3 Albumin and Nanocomposites
				20.2.2.2.4 Silk Fibroin and Nanocomposites
			20.2.2.3 Animal Lipid and Their Nanocomposites
		20.2.3 Microbial Polymers
	20.3 Safety Issues of Polymer Nanocomposites
	20.4 Disposal/Degradation
	20.5 Future Perspective and Concluding Remarks
	References
Index