Python for Beginners

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor Biographies
Chapter 1: Introduction to Python
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Software
	1.3 Development Tools
		1.3.1 Advanced Python Tools
		1.3.2 Web Scraping Python Tools
	1.4 learning about the Python Compiler
	1.5 Python History
	1.6 Python Installation
		1.6.1 Step 1: Select Version of Python to Install
		1.6.2 Step 2: Download Python Executable Installer
		1.6.3 Step 3: Run Executable Installer
		1.6.4 Step 4: Verify Python Was Installed on Windows
		1.6.5 Step 5: Verify Pip Was Installed
		1.6.6 Step 6: Add Python Path to Environment Variables (Optional)
		1.6.7 Step 7: Install virtualnv (Optional)
	1.7 How to Write a Python Program
	1.8 Conclusion
Chapter 2: Data Types and Variables
	2.1 Python Integer Values
		2.1.1 Complex Numbers
	2.2 Variables and Assignment
	2.3 Identifiers in Python
	2.4 Various Types of Floating Point Numbers
	2.5 Control Codes within Strings
	2.6 User Input
	2.7 Evaluation (eval()) Function
	2.8 Controlling (print()) Function
	2.9 Conclusion
Chapter 3: Operators
	3.1 Python Expressions and Operators
		3.1.1 Comparison Operators
			3.1.1.1 Floating-Point Value Equality Comparison
		3.1.2 Logical Operators
			3.1.2.1 Logical Expressions Using Boolean Operands
			3.1.2.2 Evaluation of Boolean and Non-Boolean Expressions
		3.1.3 Chained Comparisons
		3.1.4 Bitwise Operators
		3.1.5 Identity Operators
		3.1.6 Augmented Assignment Operators
		3.1.7 Comparison of Arithmetic and Bitwise Operators
	3.2 Operator Associativity and Precedence
	3.3 Comments in Python Programming
	3.4 Bugs in Programs
		3.4.1 Syntax Errors
		3.4.2 Run-time Errors
		3.4.3 Logic Errors
	3.5 Examples of Arithmetic
	3.6 Algorithms
	3.7 Conclusion
Chapter 4: Branch Control Structure
	4.1 Boolean Expressions
	4.2 Additional Boolean Statements
	4.3 The Simple If Statement
	4.4 If/Else Control Statements
	4.5 Compound Boolean Expressions
	4.6 Nested If/Else Conditional Statements
	4.7 Multipile Decision-Making Statements
	4.8 Expressions of Decision-Making Conditional Statements
	4.9 Errors in Decision-Making Statements
	4.10 Conclusion
Chapter 5: Iterative Control Structure
	5.1 The While Loop
	5.2 Difference Between Definite and Indefinite Loops
	5.3 The For Loop
	5.4 Nested Loop Statements
	5.5 Abnormal Loop Termination
		5.5.1 The ‘Break’ Statement
		5.5.2 ‘Continue’ Statements
	5.6 Infinite Looping Statement
	5.7 Examples of Iteration
		5.7.1 Computation of a Square Root
		5.7.2 Structure of Tree Drawing
	5.8 Program to Print Prime Numbers
		5.8.1 Inputs
	5.9 Conclusion
Chapter 6: Functions
	6.1 Introduction to Functions
		6.1.1 Built-in Functions
		6.1.2 User-defined Functions
	6.2 The Meaning of a Function
	6.3 Documenting Functions
		6.3.1 Importance of Documenting a Function
		6.3.2 Documenting Functions with Python Docstrings
		6.3.3 Python Docstring Formats
	6.4 GCD Function
	6.5 The Main Function
	6.6 The Calling Function
	6.7 Argument Passing in Parameters (Actual and Formal)
		6.7.1 Parameters vs. Arguments
		6.7.2 Function Arguments in Python
		6.7.3 Global vs. Local Variables
		6.7.4 Anonymous Functions in Python
	6.8 The Return Statement and Void Function
	6.9 Scope of Variables and Their Lifetimes
	6.10 Function Examples
		6.10.1 Function to Generate Prime Numbers
		6.10.2 Command Interpreter
		6.10.3 Restricted Input
		6.10.4 Die Rolling Simulation
		6.10.5 Tree Drawing Function
	6.11 Arguments Passed by Reference Value
	6.12 Recursion
	6.13 Default Arguments
	6.14 Time Functions
	6.15 Random Functions
	6.16 Reusable Functions
	6.17 Mathematical Functions
	6.18 Conclusion
Chapter 7: Lists
	7.1 Introduction to Lists
	7.2 Creating Lists
	7.3 Fundamental List Operations
		7.3.1 List () Functions
	7.4 Slicing and Indexing in Lists
		7.4.1 Modifying List Items
	7.5 Built-In Functions Used in Lists
	7.6 List Methods
		7.6.1 Populating Lists Items
		7.6.2 List Traversing
		7.6.3 Nested Lists
	7.7 Del Statement
	7.8 List Operations
		7.8.1 Searching Problem
			7.8.1.1 Linear Search
			7.8.1.2 Binary Search
		7.8.2 Sorting
			7.8.2.1 Selection Sort
			7.8.2.2 Merge Sort
			7.8.2.3 Sorting Comparison
	7.9 Reversing of Lists
	7.10 Conclusion
Chapter 8: Dictionaries
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 How a Dictionary Is Created
	8.3 Accessing and Altering Key: Value Pairs in Dictionaries
		8.3.1 The dict () Function
	8.4 Dictionaries with Built-in Functions
	8.5 Dictionary Methods
		8.5.1 Population of Primary Dictionaries: Value Pairs
		8.5.2 Dictionary Traversing
	8.6 The Del Statement
	8.7 Conclusion
Chapter 9: Tuples and Sets
	9.1 Creating Tuples
	9.2 Basic Tuple Operations
		9.2.1 The tuple () Function
	9.3 Indexing and Slicing in Tuples
	9.4 Built-in Functions of Tuples
	9.5 Comparison Between Tuples and Lists
	9.6 Comparsion Between Tuples and Dictionaries
	9.7 Tuple Methods
		9.7.1 Tuple Packing and Unpacking
		9.7.2 Tuples Traversing
		9.7.3 Tuples with Items
	9.8 Use of the Zip() Function
	9.9 Python Sets
	9.10 Set Methods
		9.10.1 Traversing of Sets
	9.11 The Frozen Set
	9.12 Conclusion
Chapter 10: Strings and Special Methods
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Creating and Storing Strings
		10.2.1 String str() Function
	10.3 Basic String Operation
		10.3.1 String Comparison
		10.3.2 Built-in Functions Used on Strings
	10.4 Accessing Characters by the Index Number in a String
	10.5 Slicing and Joining in Strings
		10.5.1 Specifying the Steps of a Slice Operation
		10.5.2 Joining Strings Using the join() Method
		10.5.3 Split Strings Using the split () Method
		10.5.4 Immutable Strings
		10.5.5 String Traversing
	10.6 String Methods
	10.7 Formatting Strings
		10.7.1 Format Specifiers
		10.7.2 Escape Sequences
		10.7.3 Raw Strings
		10.7.4 Unicodes
	10.8 Conclusion
Chapter 11: Object-oriented Programming
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Classes and Objects
	11.3 Creating Classes in Python
	11.4 How to Create Objects in Python
	11.5 The Constructor Method
	11.6 Classes with Multiple Objects
		11.6.1 Using Objects as Arguments
		11.6.2 Objects as Return Values
	11.7 Difference Between Class Attributes and Data Attributes
	11.8 Encapsulation
		11.8.1 Using Private Instance Variables and Methods
	11.9 Inheritance
	11.10 Polymorphism
		11.10.1 Python Operator Overloading
	11.11 Conclusion
Chapter 12: GUI Programming Using Tkinter
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Getting Started with Tkinter
	12.3 Processing Events
	12.4 The Widget Classes
		12.4.1 Toplevel
		12.4.2 Frames
		12.4.3 Labels
		12.4.4 Buttons
		12.4.5 Entry
		12.4.6 Radio Buttons
		12.4.7 Check Buttons
		12.4.8 Messages
		12.4.9 List Boxes
	12.5 Canvases
	12.6 Geometry Managers
	12.7 Loan Calculators
	12.8 Displaying Images
	12.9 Menus
	12.10 Popup Menus
	12.11 The Mouse, Key Events and Bindings
	12.12 Animations
	12.13 Scrollbars
	12.14 Standard Dialog Boxes
	12.15 Conclusion
Chapter 13: Python Exception Handling: GUI Programming Using Tkinter
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Exception Examples
	13.3 Common Gateway Interfaces
	13.4 Database Access in Python
		13.4.1 What is MySQLdb?
		13.4.2 Database Connection
	13.5 The Read Operation
	13.6 Python Multithreaded Programming
		13.6.1 Starting a New Thread
		13.6.2 The Threading Module
		13.6.3 Thread Module
		13.6.4 Priority Multithreaded Queue
	13.7 Networking in Python
		13.7.1 What Are Sockets?
		13.7.2 The Socket Module
	13.8 Conclusion
Chapter 14: Case Studies
	Python Case Study 1
	N Queens on an N×N Chessboard
		Python code
		Explanation of the Code
	Python Case Study 2
		Finding the Best Move
		Minimax
		Checking for GameOver State
		Making our AI Smarter
	Case Study 3: Eight-puzzle Problem
		Ideal Cost Function for Eight-puzzle Algorithm
		Program Code
	Case Study 4: Bouncing Ball
		Code
	Case Study 5: Animations
		How the Animation Program Works
	Case Study 6: Shortest Path
		Code
	Case Study 7: Tree Traversal Algorithm
		Binary Tree and Its Traversal Using Python
		Code
References
Index