Python 101: Second Edition

About the Technical Reviewers
	Ethan Furman
	Martin Breuss
Acknowledgments
Introduction
	Part I - The Basics
	Part II - Intermediate Materials
	Part III - Tutorials
	Part IV - Python Packaging and Distribution
	Target Audience
	About the Author
	Conventions
	Requirements
	Book Source Code
	Reader Feedback
	Errata
Part I - The Python Language
Chapter 1 - Installing Python
	Installing on Windows
	Installing on Mac
	Installing on Linux
	Android / iOS
	Other Operating Systems
	Other Python Variants
	Wrapping Up
Chapter 2 - Python Editors
	What About the REPL?
	Getting Started with IDLE
	Getting Started with PyCharm Community Edition
	Getting Started with Wing Personal
	Getting Started with Visual Studio Code
	Wrapping Up
Chapter 3 - Documenting Your Code
	What are Comments?
	Commenting Out
	Multiline Comments
	Learning About docstrings
	Python’s Style Guide: PEP8
	Tools that can help
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 4 - Working with Strings
	Creating Strings
	String Methods
	String Formatting
	Formatting Strings Using %s (printf-style)
	Formatting Strings Using .format()
	Formatting Strings with f-strings
	String Concatenation
	String Slicing
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 5 - Numeric Types
	Integers
	Floats
	Complex Numbers
	Numeric Operations
	Augmented Assignment
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 6 - Learning About Lists
	Creating Lists
	List Methods
	List Slicing
	Copying a List
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 7 - Learning About Tuples
	Creating Tuples
	Working With Tuples
	Concatenating Tuples
	Special Case Tuples
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 8 - Learning About Dictionaries
	Creating Dictionaries
	Accessing Dictionaries
	Dictionary Methods
	Modifying Your Dictionary
	Deleting Items From Your Dictionary
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 9 - Learning About Sets
	Creating a Set
	Accessing Set Members
	Changing Items
	Adding Items
	Removing Items
	Clearing or Deleting a Set
	Set Operations
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 10 - Boolean Operations and None
	The bool() Function
	What About None?
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 11 - Conditional Statements
	Comparison Operators
	Creating a Simple Conditional
	Branching Conditional Statements
	Nesting Conditionals
	Logical Operators
	Special Operators
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 12 - Learning About Loops
	Creating a for Loop
	Looping Over a String
	Looping Over a Dictionary
	Extracting Multiple Values in a Tuple While Looping
	Using enumerate with Loops
	Creating a while Loop
	Breaking Out of a Loop
	Using continue
	Loops and the else Statement
	Nesting Loops
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 13 - Python Comprehensions
	List Comprehensions
	Nested List Comprehensions
	Dictionary Comprehensions
	Set Comprehensions
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 14 - Exception Handling
	The Most Common Exceptions
	Handling Exceptions
	Raising Exceptions
	Examining the Exception Object
	Using the finally Statement
	Using the else Statement
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 15 - Working with Files
	The open() Function
	Reading Files
	Reading Binary Files
	Writing Files
	Seeking Within a File
	Appending to Files
	Catching File Exceptions
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 16 - Importing
	Using import
	Using from to Import Specific Bits & Pieces
	Using as to assign a new name
	Importing Everything
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 17 - Functions
	Creating a Function
	Calling a Function
	Passing Arguments
	Type Hinting Your Arguments
	Passing Keyword Arguments
	Required and Default Arguments
	What are *args and **kwargs?
	Positional-only Parameters
	Scope
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 18 - Classes
	Class Creation
	Figuring Out self
	Public and Private Methods / Attributes
	Subclass Creation
	Polymorphism
	Making the Class Nicer
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Part II - Beyond the Basics
Chapter 19 - Introspection
	Using the type() Function
	Using the dir() Function
	Getting help()
	Other Built-in Introspection Tools
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 20 - Installing Packages with pip
	Installing a Package
	Exploring Command Line Options
	Installing with requirements.txt
	Upgrading a Package
	Checking What’s Installed
	Uninstalling Packages
	Alternatives to pip
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 21 - Python Virtual Environments
	Python’s venv Library
	The virtualenv Package
	Other Tools
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 22 - Type Checking in Python
	Pros and Cons of Type Hinting
	Built-in Type Hinting / Variable Annotation
	Collection Type Hinting
	Hinting Values That Could be None
	Type Hinting Functions
	What To Do When Things Get Complicated
	Classes
	Decorators
	Aliasing
	Other Type Hints
	Type Comments
	Static Type Checking
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 23 - Creating Multiple Threads
	Pros of Using Threads
	Cons of Using Threads
	Creating Threads
	Subclassing Thread
	Writing Multiple Files with Threads
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 24 - Creating Multiple Processes
	Pros of Using Processes
	Cons of Using Processes
	Creating Processes with multiprocessing
	Subclassing Process
	Creating a Process Pool
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 25 - Launching Subprocesses with Python
	The subprocess.run() Function
	The subprocess.Popen() Class
	The subprocess.Popen.communicate() Function
	Reading and Writing with stdin and stdout
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 26 - Debugging Your Code with pdb
	Starting pdb in the REPL
	Starting pdb on the Command Line
	Stepping Through Code
	Adding Breakpoints in pdb
	Creating a Breakpoint with set_trace()
	Using the built-in breakpoint() Function
	Getting Help
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 27 - Learning About Decorators
	Creating a Function
	Creating a Decorator
	Applying a Decorator with @
	Creating a Decorator for Logging
	Stacking Decorators
	Passing Arguments to Decorators
	Using a Class as a Decorator
	Python’s Built-in Decorators
	Python Properties
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 28 - Assignment Expressions
	Using Assignment Expressions
	What You Cannot Do With Assignment Expressions
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 29 - Profiling Your Code
	Learning How to Profile with cProfile
	Profiling a Python Script with cProfile
	Working with Profile Data Using pstats
	Other Profilers
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 30 - An Introduction to Testing
	Using doctest in the Terminal
	Using doctest in Your Code
	Using doctest From a Separate File
	Using unittest For Test Driven Development
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 31 - Learning About the Jupyter Notebook
	Installing The Jupyter Notebook
	Creating a Notebook
	Adding Content
	Adding an Extension
	Exporting Notebooks to Other Formats
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Part III - Practical Python
Chapter 32 - How to Create a Command-line Application with argparse
	Parsing Arguments
	Creating Helpful Messages
	Adding Aliases
	Using Mutually Exclusive Arguments
	Creating a Simple Search Utility
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 33 - How to Parse XML
	Parsing XML with ElementTree
	Creating XML with ElementTree
	Editing XML with ElementTree
	Manipulating XML with lxml
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 34 - How to Parse JSON
	Encoding a JSON String
	Saving JSON to Disk
	Decoding a JSON String
	Loading JSON from Disk
	Validating JSON with json.tool
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 35 - How to Scrape a Website
	Rules for Web Scraping
	Preparing to Scrape a Website
	Scraping a Website
	Downloading a File
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 36 - How to Work with CSV files
	Reading a CSV File
	Reading a CSV File with DictReader
	Writing a CSV File
	Writing a CSV File with DictWriter
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 37 - How to Work with a Database Using sqlite3
	Creating a SQLite Database
	Adding Data to Your Database
	Searching Your Database
	Editing Data in Your Database
	Deleting Data From Your Database
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 38 - Working with an Excel Document in Python
	Python Excel Packages
	Getting Sheets from a Workbook
	Reading Cell Data
	Iterating Over Rows and Columns
	Writing Excel Spreadsheets
	Adding and Removing Sheets
	Adding and Deleting Rows and Columns
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 39 - How to Generate a PDF
	Installing ReportLab
	Creating a Simple PDF with the Canvas
	Creating Drawings and Adding Images Using the Canvas
	Creating Multi-page Documents with PLATYPUS
	Creating a Table
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 40 - How to Create Graphs
	Installing Matplotlib
	Creating a Simple Line Chart with PyPlot
	Creating a Bar Chart
	Creating a Pie Chart
	Adding Labels
	Adding Titles to Plots
	Creating a Legend
	Showing Multiple Figures
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 41 - How to Work with Images in Python
	Installing Pillow
	Opening Images
	Cropping Images
	Using Filters
	Adding Borders
	Resizing Images
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 42 - How to Create a Graphical User Interface
	Installing wxPython
	Learning About Event Loops
	How to Create Widgets
	How to Lay Out Your Application
	How to Add Events
	How to Create an Application
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Part IV - Distributing Your Code
Chapter 43 - How to Create a Python Package
	Creating a Module
	Creating a Package
	Packaging a Project for PyPI
	Creating Project Files
	Creating setup.py
	Generating a Python Wheel
	Uploading to PyPI
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 44 - How to Create an Exe for Windows
	Installing PyInstaller
	Creating an Executable for a Command-Line Application
	Creating an Executable for a GUI
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 45 - How to Create an Installer for Windows
	Installing Inno Setup
	Creating an Installer
	Testing Your Installer
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Chapter 46 - How to Create an “exe” for Mac
	Installing PyInstaller
	Creating an Executable with PyInstaller
	Wrapping Up
	Review Questions
Afterword
Appendix A - Version Control
	Version Control Systems
	Distributed vs Centralized Versioning
	Common Terminology
	Python IDE Version Control Support
	Wrapping Up
Appendix B - Version Control with Git
	Installing Git
	Configuring Git
	Creating a Project
	Ignoring Files
	Initializing a Repository
	Checking the Project Status
	Adding Files to a Repository
	Committing Files
	Viewing the Log
	Changing a File
	Reverting a File
	Checking Out Previous Commits
	Pushing to Github
	Wrapping Up
Review Question Answer Key
	Chapter 3 - Documenting Your Code
	Chapter 4 - Working with Strings
	Chapter 5 - Numeric Types
	Chapter 6 - Learning About Lists
	Chapter 7 - Learning About Tuples
	Chapter 8 - Learning About Dictionaries
	Chapter 9 - Learning About Sets
	Chapter 10 - Boolean Operations and None
	Chapter 11 - Conditional Statements
	Chapter 12 - Learning About Loops
	Chapter 13 - Python Comprehensions
	Chapter 14 - Exception Handling
	Chapter 15 - Working with Files
	Chapter 16 - Importing
	Chapter 17 - Functions
	Chapter 18 - Classes
	Chapter 19 - Introspection
	Chapter 20 - Installing Packages with pip
	Chapter 21 - Python Virtual Environments
	Chapter 22 - Type Checking in Python
	Chapter 23 - Creating Multiple Threads
	Chapter 24 - Creating Multiple Processes
	Chapter 25 - Launching Subprocesses with Python
	Chapter 26 - Debugging Your Code
	Chapter 27 - Learning About Decorators
	Chapter 28 - Assignment Expressions
	Chapter 29 - Profiling Your Code
	Chapter 30 - An Introduction to Testing
	Chapter 31 - Learning About the Jupyter Notebook
	Chapter 32 - How to Create a Command Line Application with argparse
	Chapter 33 - How to Parse XML
	Chapter 34 - How to Parse JSON
	Chapter 35 - How to Scrape a Website
	Chapter 36 - How to Work with CSV files
	Chapter 37 - How to Work with a Database Using sqlite
	Chapter 38 - Working with an Excel Document in Python
	Chapter 39 - How to Generate a PDF
	Chapter 40 - How to Create Graphs
	Chapter 41 - How to Work with Images in Python
	Chapter 42 - How to Create a Graphical User Interface
	Chapter 43 - How to Create a Python Package
	Chapter 44 - How to Create an Exe for Windows
	Chapter 45 - How to Create an Installer for Windows
	Chapter 46 - How to Create an “exe” for Mac