Punishment: A Comparative Historical Perspective

COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 3
TITLE......Page 5
COPYRIGHT......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
FIGURES AND TABLES......Page 11
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 13
CHAPTER ONE Introduction: The Punishment Response......Page 15
PUNISHMENT AND TYPES OF SANCTIONS......Page 16
THE FUNCTIONS OF PUNISHMENT......Page 18
THE NATURE OF PUNISHMENT AND SOCIETAL COMPLEXITY......Page 20
EFFECTIVENESS OF CRIMINAL AND CIVIL SANCTIONS......Page 22
DISPARITIES IN CRIMINAL AND CIVIL SANCTIONS......Page 23
THE VALUE OF A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL APPROACH......Page 24
THE CURRENT APPROACH......Page 25
Notes......Page 26
Suggested Readings......Page 28
RETRIBUTION......Page 29
INCAPACITATION......Page 31
DETERRENCE......Page 34
REHABILITATION......Page 36
RESTORATION......Page 37
TYPES OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL SANCTIONS......Page 38
Monetary Fines......Page 39
Financial Sanctions in Civil Litigation......Page 40
Other Economic Sanctions......Page 41
Banishment and Exile......Page 44
Incapacitative Devices......Page 45
Incapacitative Structures......Page 46
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT......Page 47
Flogging......Page 48
Branding......Page 49
Mutilations......Page 50
Capital Punishment......Page 51
Notes......Page 58
Suggested Readings......Page 63
BASIC PROBLEMS IN COMPARATIVE STUDIES......Page 64
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS......Page 67
INCAPACITATIVE SANCTIONS......Page 69
GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES IN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT......Page 72
The Middle East......Page 77
Caribbean Countries......Page 78
Asian Countries......Page 79
Africa......Page 83
North America......Page 84
Central America......Page 85
Europe......Page 86
LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 87
STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE AND CIVIL UNREST......Page 88
SUMMARY......Page 89
Notes......Page 90
Suggested Readings......Page 94
OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES......Page 96
COLONIAL AMERICA......Page 99
Economic Punishment......Page 102
Incapacitative Sanctions......Page 104
Corporal Punishment in Colonial Times......Page 105
STATEHOOD, SLAVERY, AND THE WESTERN FRONTIER......Page 108
Capital Punishment......Page 110
Lynchings in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries......Page 111
Social Control on the American Frontier......Page 113
TWENTIETH-CENTURY PRACTICES......Page 114
Economic Sanctions......Page 115
Incapacitative Sanctions......Page 116
Corporal Punishment......Page 118
SIMILARITIES WITH WESTERN EUROPEAN TRADITIONS......Page 120
DIFFERENCES WITH WESTERN EUROPEAN PRACTICES......Page 121
Notes......Page 123
Suggested Readings......Page 128
CHAPTER FIVE The History of Punishment in China......Page 129
OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES......Page 130
THE FEUDAL TRADITION UP TO THE LATE QING DYNASTY......Page 132
Economic Punishment......Page 135
Incapacitative Punishment......Page 137
Corporal Punishment......Page 138
NINETEENTH CENTURY AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY (1840S TO THE 1940S)......Page 142
Corporal Punishment......Page 144
Incapacitative Punishment......Page 146
SOCIALIST CHINA FROM 1949 TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY......Page 147
Economic Sanctions......Page 149
Incapacitative Sanctions......Page 152
Corporal Punishment......Page 155
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH OTHER ASIAN AND SOCIALIST SOCIETIES......Page 157
SUMMARY......Page 159
Notes......Page 160
Suggested Readings......Page 167
OVERVIEW OF ISLAMIC FAITH AND LAW......Page 169
THE EARLY HISTORY OF ISLAM......Page 172
ISLAMIC RULE AND LAW, 632 A.D. TO THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY......Page 174
THE RESURGENCE OF ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY......Page 176
SOCIAL CONTROL IN ISLAMIC SOCIETIES......Page 177
PUNISHMENTS UNDER ISLAMIC LAW: THEIR PURPOSE AND NATURE......Page 178
Hudud Offenses......Page 179
Qesas Offenses......Page 185
Ta’azir Offenses......Page 186
PROCEDURAL RULES AND EVIDENTIARY REQUIREMENTS......Page 188
OTHER CONTROL MECHANISMS AND SANCTIONING BODIES......Page 189
SAUDI ARABIA......Page 190
CRIME TRENDS IN SAUDI ARABIA AND OTHER ISLAMIC COUNTRIES......Page 192
Corporal Sanctions......Page 194
Incapacitative and Economic Sanctions......Page 197
Notes......Page 199
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 207
THEORIES OF LAW AND SOCIETY......Page 208
CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT VIEWS OF SOCIAL ORDER......Page 209
LEGAL EVOLUTION AND SOCIETAL COMPLEXITY......Page 211
SOCIAL ENGINEERING......Page 213
PUNISHMENT AND MINORITY GROUP THREAT......Page 214
THE DETERRENT VALUE OF PUNISHMENT......Page 218
SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES AND PUNISHMENT......Page 220
CULTURAL VALUES AND PERCEPTIONS OF "EVIL" SOCIETIES......Page 222
UNIVERSAL AND CONTEXT-SPECIFIC PATTERNS......Page 224
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 226
Notes......Page 227
REFERENCES......Page 231
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 245
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 249