Pumps and compressors

Content: Preface xvAcknowledgment xviiUsed Symbols xixAbout the Companion Website xxvPart I Pumps 11 General Concepts 31.1 Hydrostatics 31.2 Flow 41.3 Law of Bernoulli 51.4 Static and Dynamic Pressure 51.5 Viscosity 61.6 Extension of Bernoulli's Law 111.7 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 121.8 Laminar Flow 131.8.1 Hydraulic Resistance 131.8.2 Hydraulic Diameter 141.9 Turbulent Flow 171.10 Moody's Diagram 201.11 Feed Pressure 241.11.1 Geodetic Feed Pressure 241.11.2 Static Feed Pressure 241.11.3 Manometric Feed Pressure 261.11.4 Theoretic Feed Pressure 271.12 Law of Bernoulli in Moving Reference Frames 271.13 Water Hammer (Hydraulic Shock) 281.14 Flow Mechanics 301.14.1 Hydrofoils 301.14.2 Applications 332 Positive Displacement Pumps 352.1 Reciprocating Pumps 352.1.1 Operation 352.1.2 Flow 352.1.3 Valves 372.1.4 Piston Sealing 372.1.5 Plunger Pumps 372.1.6 Hand Pump 402.1.7 Double Acting Pump 412.1.8 Membrane Pumps 422.1.9 Triplex Pumps 452.1.10 Hydrophore 452.2 Maximum Suction Head 482.2.1 Theoretical 482.2.2 Vapor Pressure 492.2.3 Velocity 502.2.4 Barometer 512.2.5 Friction 512.2.6 Acceleration 522.2.6.1 Kinematics 522.2.6.2 Dynamics 532.2.7 Air Chambers 562.2.7.1 Suction Side 562.2.7.2 Press Side 572.3 Characteristic Values 592.3.1 Manometric Feed Pressure 592.3.2 Theoretical Pressure 592.3.3 Power and Efficiency 602.3.4 Example 622.3.5 Characteristic Curve of the Pump 642.3.5.1 Characteristic of the Pipe Line 642.3.5.2 Characteristic of the Pump 642.3.5.3 Regulation 652.3.6 Conclusion 672.4 Hydraulic Pumps 692.4.1 Introduction 692.4.2 Sliding Vane Pump 692.4.3 Gear Pumps 712.4.3.1 External Toothing 712.4.3.2 Internal Toothing 732.4.4 Screw Pumps 762.4.5 Radial Plunger Pumps 782.4.6 Axial Plunger Pumps 812.5 Other Displacement Pumps 852.5.1 Lobe Pump 852.5.2 Peristaltic Pump 882.5.2.1 Properties 892.5.2.2 Applications 912.5.3 Mono Pump 912.5.4 Flex Impeller Pump 952.5.5 Side Channel Pump 973 Dynamic Pumps 1033.1 Radial Turbopumps (Centrifugal Pumps) 1033.1.1 General 1033.1.2 Impeller Forms 1033.1.2.1 Closed Impeller 1033.1.2.2 Half-Open Impeller 1043.1.2.3 Open Impeller 1083.1.3 Velocity Triangles 1083.1.4 Flow 1093.1.4.1 Definition 1093.1.4.2 Flow Determining Component of the Velocity 1103.1.4.3 The Relative Flow 1103.1.5 Static Pressure in a Closed Pump 1123.1.6 Theoretical Feed Pressure 1143.1.6.1 Law of Bernoulli in Rotating Frame 1143.1.6.2 Discussion 1143.1.6.3 Theoretical Feed Pressure 1153.1.7 Diffusor 1193.1.8 Influence of Vane Angle 1213.1.8.1 Graphically 1213.1.8.2 Analytically 1223.1.9 Pump Curve 1223.1.9.1 System Curve 1223.1.9.2 Build Up Pump Curve 1233.1.9.3 Operating Point 1243.1.10 Pump Efficiency 1243.1.11 Influence RPM 1253.1.12 First Set of Affinity Laws 1253.1.13 Second Set of Affinity Laws 1273.1.14 Surge 1273.1.15 Application Field 1283.1.16 Flow Regulation 1303.1.16.1 Throttle Regulation 1303.1.16.2 Bypass Regulation 1333.1.16.3 Speed Regulation 1343.1.16.4 Comparison 1343.1.17 Start Up of the Pump 1353.1.18 High Pressure Pumps 1393.1.19 Roto-jet Pump 1393.1.20 Vortex Pumps 1423.2 Axial Turbopumps 1443.2.1 Operation 1443.2.2 Volumetric Flow 1443.2.2.1 Axial Velocity ? 1443.2.2.2 Perpendicular Surface A' 1483.2.3 Theoretical Feed Pressure 1493.2.4 Diffusors 1523.2.5 Vane Profile 1523.2.6 Half-Axial Turbopumps 1553.2.6.1 Motivation 1553.2.6.2 Francis Vane Pump 1553.2.6.3 Mixed Flow Pump 1563.2.6.4 Characteristics of Turbopumps 1583.2.7 Archimedes Screw 1593.3 Turbopumps Advanced 1613.3.1 1st Number of Rateau 1613.3.2 2nd Number of Rateau 1633.3.3 Homologous Series 1643.3.4 Optimal Homologous Series 1673.3.5 Rateau Numbers with Axial Pumps 1683.3.6 The Specific Speed 1683.3.7 Cavitation 1723.3.8 NPSH 1733.3.9 NPSH Characteristics 1753.3.10 Counteracting Cavitation 1753.3.11 Inducers 1763.3.12 Double Sided Entry 1803.3.13 Characteristics of Pumps 1803.3.14 Suction Specific Speed 1813.3.15 Series Connection 1833.3.16 Parallel Connection 1843.3.16.1 Simple Case 1843.3.16.2 Case with Increasing Pump Curve 1843.3.17 Influence Viscosity 1873.3.18 Special Turbopumps 1903.3.18.1 Submersible Pumps 1903.3.18.2 Electropumps 1923.3.19 Contaminated Liquids 1933.3.20 Cutter Pumps 1943.3.21 Mounting 1954 Flow-Driven Pumps 2054.1 General 2054.2 Liquid Jet Liquid Pump 2064.3 Liquid Jet Solid Pump 2084.4 Liquid Jet Mixers 2094.5 Steam Jet Liquid Pump 2094.6 The Feedback Pump 2094.7 Air Pressure Pump 2115 Sealing 2135.1 Labyrinth Sealing 2135.2 Lip Seals 2175.3 V-Ring Seals 2205.4 Gland Packing 2225.5 Lantern Rings 2265.6 Mechanical Seals 2285.6.1 Fundamentals 2285.6.2 Unbalanced Seals 2315.6.3 Balanced Seals 2335.6.4 The Configurations 2355.6.4.1 Single Internal Seal 2355.6.4.2 Single External Seal 2365.6.4.3 Back-to-back Double Seal 2365.6.4.4 Tandem Double Seal (Face-to-back Seal) 2375.6.4.5 Dual Seal 2395.6.4.6 Face-to-face Seal 2395.6.5 Calculation of Liquid Flow 2405.7 Hydrodynamic Seal 2415.7.1 Hydrodynamic Seal with Back Vanes 2415.7.2 Journal Bearing 2425.7.3 Hydrodynamic Effect Converging Gap 2435.7.4 Journal Bearing Lift Force 2475.7.5 Hydrodynamic Mechanical Seals 2485.8 Floating Ring Seals 2505.9 Hermetic Pumps 2525.9.1 Magnetic Coupling 2525.9.2 Canned Motor Pump 255Part II Compressors 2576 General 2596.1 Terminology 2596.2 Normal Volume 2596.3 Ideal Gasses 2606.4 Work and Power 2616.4.1 Compression Work 2616.4.2 Technical Work 2626.4.3 Technical Power 2646.5 Nozzles 2646.6 Flow 2666.7 Choice and Selection 2696.8 Psychrometrics 2706.8.1 Partial Pressure 2706.8.2 Equivalent Molar Mass 2726.8.3 Moist Air 2726.8.4 Water Content 2736.8.5 Saturated and Unsaturated Air (with Water) 2736.8.6 Relation Between x and pW 2747 Piston Compressors 2757.1 Indicator Diagram 2757.2 Parts 2767.2.1 Cylinders 2767.2.2 Sealing 2767.2.3 Valves 2777.3 Volumetric Efficiency 2807.4 Membrane Compressor 2867.5 Work and Power 2867.5.1 Technical Work 2867.5.2 Isothermal Compression 2897.5.3 Polytropic Compression 2907.5.4 Conclusions 2917.5.5 Efficiency of a Piston Compressor 2927.6 Two-stage Compressor 2947.6.1 Motivation 2947.6.2 Two Stages 2957.6.2.1 General 2957.6.2.2 Indicator Diagram 2977.6.2.3 Intermediate Pressure 2977.6.2.4 Work Per Stage 2997.6.2.5 Compression Temperatures 2997.6.2.6 Volumetric Efficiency 3007.6.2.7 Cylinder Dimensions 3007.6.2.8 Mounting 3017.7 Three or More Stages 3017.8 Problems with Water Condensation 3017.9 Flow Regulation 3057.9.1 Continuous Speed Regulation 3057.9.2 Throttling Suction Line 3057.9.3 Keeping Suction Valve Open 3067.9.4 Dead Volume 3067.10 Star Triangle Connection 3087.10.1 Speed Regulation with VFD 3117.11 Refrigeration Piston Compressor 3148 Other Displacement Compressors 3178.1 Roots Compressor 3178.1.1 Operation 3178.1.2 Technical Work 3178.1.3 Properties 3198.2 Vane Compressor 3218.2.1 Operation 3218.2.2 Properties 3258.3 Screw Compressor 3268.3.1 Operation 3268.3.2 Properties 3308.3.3 Regulation 3328.3.4 Refrigerant Compressors 3348.4 Mono-screw Compressor 3348.4.1 Operation 3348.4.2 Properties 3358.4.3 Regulation 3388.5 Scroll Compressor 3418.6 Tooth Rotor Compressor 3428.7 Rolling Piston 3428.7.1 Operation "Rotary" 3428.7.2 Swing Compressor 3448.8 Liquid Ring Compressor 3488.8.1 Operation 3488.8.2 Properties 3498.9 Regulation Displacement Compressors 3518.9.1 Blow Off 3518.9.2 Bypass Regulation 3528.9.3 Throttling the Suction Line 3528.9.4 Start-Stop Regulation 3528.9.5 Full Load-No Load Regulation 3538.9.6 Speed Control with a Frequency Regulator 3538.10 Refrigerant Compressors 3539 Turbocompressors 3559.1 Centrifugal Fans 3559.1.1 General 3559.1.2 Static and Dynamic Pressure 3579.1.3 Types of Vanes 3599.1.3.1 Forward-curved Vanes 3599.1.3.2 Aerodynamical Vanes 3599.1.3.3 Backward-curved Vanes 3599.1.3.4 Radial Vanes 3619.1.3.5 Radial Tip Vanes 3619.1.4 Behavior of the Different Impeller Types 3629.1.4.1 Backward-curved Vanes 3629.1.4.2 Forward-curved Vanes 3629.1.5 Study of the Characteristics 3639.1.6 Selection of a Fan 3659.2 Cross-stream Fans 3709.3 Side Channel Fans 3709.4 Turbo Fan 3729.5 Centrifugal Compressor 3749.6 Refrigerant Turbocompressor 3759.7 Axial Fans 3759.7.1 General 3759.7.2 Reaction Degree Axial Fan 3789.7.2.1 Definition 3789.7.3 Contrarotating Axial Fans 3869.7.4 Variable Pitch Axial Fan 3889.8 Axial Compressor 3909.9 Calculation Example 3939.10 Surge Limit 3969.11 Choke Limit (Stonewall Point) 3979.11.1 Introducing Nozzles 3979.11.1.1 Calculation of the Discharge Speed 3979.11.1.2 Calculation of the Flow 3989.11.1.3 The Flow Function ? 3999.11.1.4 The Critical Pressure 4009.11.2 Behavior at Changing Counter Pressure 4029.12 Comparison Axial/Radial Compressor 4049.13 Regulation of Turbocompressors 4069.13.1 Rotation Speed 4069.13.2 Throttling 4079.13.3 Variable Guide Vanes 4079.13.3.1 Axial Compressor 4079.13.3.2 Centrifugal Compressor 4099.14 Efficiency of Turbocompressors 41010 Jet Ejectors 41510.1 Steam Ejector Compressor 41510.1.1 General 41510.1.2 Jet Pumps with Mixing Heat Exchangers 41710.1.3 Jet Pump with Three Surface Heat Exchangers 41710.2 Gas Jet Ejector 42110.3 Applications 42210.3.1 Application 1 42210.3.2 Application 2 42311 Vacuum Pumps 42511.1 Vacuum Areas 42511.1.1 Kinetic Gas Theory 42511.1.2 Formation Time 42711.2 Measuring Devices 42811.2.1 Introduction 42811.2.2 Bourdon Measuring Devices 42811.2.3 Pirani Devices 43011.2.4 Thermocouple gauges 43011.2.5 Capacity Membrane Gauge 43111.2.6 Ionization Gauges 43211.2.7 Cathode Gauges 43211.3 Types of Flow 43311.4 Rough Vacuum (1000-1 [mbar]) 43511.4.1 Membrane Pumps 43511.4.2 Steam Jet Vacuum Pumps 43611.4.3 Liquid Vacuum Ejector Pump 43911.4.4 Gas Jet Vacuum Pump 43911.4.5 Centrifugal Vacuum Pumps 44111.4.6 Liquid Ring Pumps 44311.5 Medium Vacuum (1-10 3 [mbar]) 44411.5.1 Vane Pump 44411.5.2 The Gas Ballast 44511.5.3 Screw Vacuum Pumps 44811.5.4 Scroll Vacuum Pump 44911.5.5 Rolling Piston 44911.5.6 Claw Pump 45111.5.7 Roots Vacuum Pumps 45111.6 High Vacuum (10 3-10 7 [mbar]) 45511.6.1 Diffusion Pumps 45611.6.2 Diffusion Ejector Pumps (Booster Pumps) 45911.6.3 Turbomolecular Pump 45911.7 Ultrahigh Vacuum (10 7-10 14 [mbar]) 46211.7.1 Sorption Pumps 46211.7.2 Adsorption Pumps 46211.7.3 Sublimation Pump 46511.7.4 Ion Getter Pump 466A The Velocity Profile and Mean Velocity for a Laminar Flow 469B Calculation of ? for a Laminar Flow 473Index 475