Pulsating Stars

Pulsating Stars......Page 5
 Contents......Page 9
 Preface......Page 13
  1.1 Discovery of the First Pulsating Variable Stars......Page 15
   1.1.1 Nomenclature......Page 19
  1.2 The Recognition of Pulsation as a Cause of Variability......Page 22
   2.1.1 Time and Julian Dates......Page 25
   2.1.2 Light Curves......Page 28
  2.3 Period Determination......Page 30
   2.4.1 Visual Methods......Page 34
   2.4.2 Photographic Methods......Page 36
   2.4.3 Photoelectric Methods......Page 38
   2.4.4 CCD Surveys......Page 39
  2.5 Space-Based Versus Ground Observations......Page 41
  3.1 Regular, Semi-Regular, and Irregular Variables......Page 43
   3.3.1 Algol-Type Eclipsing Binaries (EAs)......Page 44
   3.3.4 R-Type Binaries......Page 46
   3.3.5 Planetary Transits and Asteroid Occultations......Page 47
    3.4.1.1 Ap Stars (α2 CVn Stars)......Page 48
    3.4.1.3 RS Canum Venaticorum Stars......Page 50
    3.4.1.4 BY Dra Stars......Page 51
    3.4.1.6 Ellipsoidal Variables......Page 52
    3.4.2.2 FU Orionis (FUor) Stars......Page 53
    3.4.2.5 Herbig Ae/Be Stars......Page 54
    3.4.2.7 Wolf- Rayet Stars......Page 55
    3.4.2.8 R Coronae Borealis (R CrB) Variables......Page 56
    3.4.2.9 γ Cassiopeiae (Be) Stars......Page 57
    3.4.3.1 Cataclysmic Variables......Page 58
    3.4.3.2 Symbiotic Stars......Page 61
    3.4.3.3 Supernovae......Page 62
   3.4.4 Pulsating Variables and the Scope of this Book......Page 64
  4.1 The Basic Equations of Stellar Structure and Evolution......Page 67
  4.2 The Evolution of Low-Mass Stars......Page 71
  4.3 The Evolution of Intermediate-Mass Stars......Page 80
  4.4 The Evolution of High-Mass Stars......Page 84
  5.1 Timescales......Page 87
  5.2 Ritter's (Period- Mean Density) Relation......Page 90
   5.3.1 Generalization of the Energy Conservation Equation......Page 92
  5.4 Linearization of the Stellar Pulsation Equations......Page 95
   5.4.1 Perturbation Theory......Page 96
   5.4.2 The Continuity Equation......Page 97
   5.4.3 The Conservation of Momentum Equation......Page 98
   5.4.4 The Energy Conservation Equation......Page 99
   5.4.6 Constitutive Equations......Page 100
  5.5 Linear Adiabatic Oscillations: The LAWE......Page 101
   5.5.1 Justification of the Adiabatic Approximation......Page 102
   5.5.2 The LAWE......Page 104
   5.5.3 Boundary Conditions......Page 106
  5.6 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of the LAWE......Page 109
   5.6.1 Examples......Page 112
    5.6.1.2 The Polytropic Case......Page 113
    5.6.1.3 An Actual RR Lyrae Model......Page 116
  5.7 Non-Adiabatic Theory: Conditions for Stability......Page 119
  5.8 The Linear Non-Adiabatic Wave Equation......Page 123
  5.9 Driving Mechanisms......Page 127
   5.9.1 The ε Mechanism......Page 128
   5.9.2 The κ and γ Mechanisms......Page 131
   5.9.3 The "Opacity Bump" Mechanism......Page 134
  5.10 Stability Conditions and Instability Strip Edges......Page 137
    5.10.1.2 Convective Driving (δ Mechanism)......Page 138
    5.10.1.3 Stochastically Excited Pulsations......Page 139
    5.10.1.5 Gravitational Waves......Page 143
  5.11 Non-Radial Pulsations......Page 144
   5.11.1 Theoretical Framework; Helio- and Asteroseismological Applications......Page 145
  5.12 Nonlinear Effects......Page 167
  6.1 RR Lyrae Stars as a Class of Pulsating Variable Star......Page 171
  6.2 RR Lyrae Stars as Standard Candles......Page 178
  6.3 Evolution of RR Lyrae Stars......Page 181
  6.4 Pulsation......Page 182
  6.5 The Blazhko Effect......Page 183
  6.6 RR Lyrae Stars in Globular Clusters......Page 186
  6.7 The Oosterhoff Groups......Page 187
  6.8 Period Changes......Page 191
  6.9 RR Lyrae Stars beyond the Milky Way......Page 195
  7.1 Classical Cepheids......Page 197
   7.1.1 Cepheid Light Curves......Page 199
   7.1.2 The Period Luminosity Relation: Leavitt's Law......Page 203
   7.1.3 Evolution and Period Changes......Page 206
   7.1.4 Polaris......Page 209
  7.2 Type II Cepheids......Page 210
   7.2.1 Light Curves......Page 214
   7.2.2 Spectra and Chemical Composition......Page 217
   7.2.3 Period- Luminosity Relation......Page 218
   7.2.4 Evolution and Period Changes......Page 220
  7.3 BL Boo Stars or Anomalous Cepheids......Page 222
  7.4 RV Tauri Stars......Page 225
 Chapter 8 Red Variable Stars......Page 229
  8.1 Convection and Pulsation......Page 231
  8.2 Mira and Related Long-Period Variables......Page 233
  8.3 Semi-Regular Variables......Page 243
  8.4 Irregular Variables......Page 245
  9.1 δ Scuti and SX Phoenicis Stars......Page 247
  9.2 γ Doradus Stars......Page 254
  9.3 roAp Stars......Page 256
 Chapter 10 Pulsating Stars Close to the Upper Main Sequence in the H-R Diagram......Page 259
  10.1 *** Cephei Stars......Page 262
  10.2 SPB (53 Per) Stars......Page 265
  11.1 SPBsg Variables......Page 267
  11.2 PV Telescopii, V652 Herculis, and R CrB Stars......Page 270
  11.3 *** Cygni, S Dor, and Wolf-Rayet Stars......Page 272
 Chapter 12 Hot Subdwarf Pulsators......Page 277
  12.1 EC 14026 (V361 Hya, sdBV, sdBVp, sdBVr) Variables......Page 282
  12.2 PG 1716+426 (V1093 Her, "Betsy," sdBVg, sdBVs) Variables......Page 283
  12.3 sdOV (V499 Ser) Variables......Page 284
  12.4 He-sdBV Stars......Page 286
 Chapter 13 Pulsating Degenerate Stars......Page 289
  13.1 GW Vir Stars......Page 299
  13.2 DBV (V777 Her) Stars......Page 301
  13.3 DQV Stars......Page 304
  13.4 DAV Stars......Page 306
   13.4.1 ELM-DAV Stars......Page 308
   13.4.2 Hot DAV Stars......Page 310
  13.5 ELM-HeV Stars......Page 312
  13.6 GW Librae Stars: Accreting WD Pulsators......Page 314
  13.7 Pulsations in Neutron Stars and Black Holes......Page 316
 Glossary......Page 319
 References......Page 325
 Index......Page 425
 Color Plates......Page 471
 EULA......Page 487