Pueraria: The Genus Pueraria (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

Table of Contents......Page 0
Pueraria: The genus Pueraria......Page 1
Contributors......Page 5
Foreword......Page 8
Preface to the series......Page 10
Preface......Page 13
The editor......Page 15
Contents......Page 3
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 16
Taxonomic history......Page 20
Habitat......Page 21
Key to the species and varieties of Pueraria......Page 22
Pueraria alopecuroides Craib......Page 23
Pueraria candollei Grah. ex Benth. var. candollei......Page 24
Pueraria candollei Grah. ex Benth. var. mirifica (A. Shaw and Suvatabandhu) Niyomdham......Page 25
Pueraria lacei Craib......Page 26
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen and Almeida ex Sanjappa and Predeep......Page 27
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. chinensis (Ohwi) Maesen et Almeida ex Sanjappa and Predeep......Page 29
Pueraria peduncularis (Grah. ex Benth.) Benth.......Page 30
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. var. javanica (Beneth.) Baker......Page 31
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. var. phaseoloides......Page 32
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth var. subspicata (Benth.) Maesen......Page 33
Pueraria pulcherrima (Kds) Merr.......Page 34
Pueraria stricta Kurz......Page 35
Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC.......Page 36
Pueraria wallichii DC.......Page 37
Excluded Species......Page 38
CONCLUSIONS......Page 39
INDEX......Page 40
INTRODUCTION......Page 44
Chemical composition and nutritional value......Page 45
Plant growth and life cycle......Page 47
Diseases and pests......Page 48
GEOGRAPHY......Page 49
China......Page 50
Japan......Page 52
Oceania......Page 53
India......Page 54
Indigenous cultivation, harvesting, and preparation techniques......Page 55
Naming and classification systems......Page 61
Myths and Rituals......Page 64
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 68
INTRODUCTION......Page 74
COMMON GE GEN FORMULATIONS: INDICATIONS AND EFFICACIES......Page 75
Antipyretic action......Page 77
Anti-diabetic effect......Page 78
Pueraria species, habitats and isoflavone contents......Page 79
Harvest time and isoflavone contents......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 83
INTRODUCTION......Page 85
Post-coital contraceptive efficacy of extracts of P. tuberosa in adult animals......Page 86
Anti-implantation activity of different fractions of P. tuberosa......Page 87
Effect of butanolic extracts of P. tuberosa on serum and pituitary hormone levels......Page 88
EFFECT OF P. TUBEROSA ON ESTROUS CYCLE......Page 89
BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL EFFECT OF P. TUBEROSA IN CONTROL AND OVARIECTOMIZED RATS......Page 90
P. TUBEROSA ON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING OVUM-IMPLANTATION IN RATS......Page 91
EFFECT OF P. TUBEROSA ON MALE REPRODUCTION......Page 93
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE......Page 94
REFERENCES......Page 95
POLYPHENOLS AND POLYPHENOLIC GLYCOSIDES......Page 98
TRITERPENOIDS......Page 107
VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS......Page 109
REFERENCES......Page 110
INTRODUCTION......Page 112
Isoflavone aglycones......Page 118
Pterocarpans, coumestans, and other isoflavonoids......Page 119
Relative concentrations of isoflavonoids in Pueraria mirifica......Page 120
Use of P. mirifica in traditional Burmese and Thai medicine......Page 121
Early reports on the pharmacological properties of P. mirifica......Page 122
Isolation and identification of miroestrol......Page 123
Oestrogenic activity in the non-tuberous parts of P. mirifica, and in other Pueraria species......Page 126
Miroestrol......Page 127
Human trials......Page 129
CONCLUSIONS......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
Development of cell culture system......Page 134
Activation of isoflavonoid metabolism......Page 136
Formation of deoxy-type chalcone......Page 137
Oxidative aryl migration in isoflavone formation......Page 139
Pterocarpans as antimicrobial phytoalexins......Page 142
NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF PUERARIA ISOFLAVONOIDS......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 144
INTRODUCTION......Page 147
EFFECTS OF CRUDE RP EXTRACT AND ITS ISOFLAVONES ON HYPERTENSION......Page 148
EFFECTS OF RP ISOFLAVONES ON BLOOD VESSELS AND CORONARY CIRCULATION......Page 149
EFFECTS OF RP ISOFLAVONES ON ISCHEMIC MYOCARDIUM......Page 150
EFFECTS OF CRUDE RP EXTRACTS AND PURIFIED RP ISOFLAVONES ON ARRHYTHMIA......Page 151
BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING EFFECT OF PUERARIN......Page 152
Treatment for myocardial infarction......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 157
INTRODUCTION......Page 159
Disulfiram and calcium carbimide – by aversion......Page 161
Golden hamster – the alcohol craving rodent......Page 162
Daidzin and daidzein – the active principles......Page 163
POTENCY: PURE DAIDZIN VS. CRUDE KUDZU ROOT EXTRACT......Page 164
Daidzin in crude kudzu root extract is more potent......Page 165
Daidzin does not act by aversion......Page 166
Daidzin may act via the mitochondrial MAO/ALDH-2 pathway......Page 167
PROSPECT......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 172
INTRODUCTION......Page 174
Pharmacological manipulation of alcohol effects......Page 175
Isoflavones in the plant kingdom......Page 176
Pueraria-based treatments for alcohol abuse and dependence......Page 177
CLINICAL SAFETY TRIAL OF KUDZU AND ALCOHOL INTERACTIONS......Page 178
General methods......Page 179
Medication compliance......Page 181
Safety assessment of kudzu......Page 182
Summary and implications for future developments......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 190
INTRODUCTION......Page 195
Dietary sources of isoflavones......Page 196
Biochemical activities of isoflavones......Page 198
Osteoporosis......Page 199
Cancer of the prostate......Page 200
Dual effects of estrogen......Page 201
Interaction of isoflavones with estrogen receptor......Page 202
Inhibition of steroid metabolizing enzymes......Page 203
Potential adverse effects of isoflavones......Page 204
Clinical trials......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
INTRODUCTION......Page 213
Assay method......Page 214
Hepatoprotective activity......Page 215
Structure–hepatoprotective relationship......Page 220
In vitro efficacy......Page 221
Preparation of sophoradiol glucuronides and their activity......Page 223
Structure–hepatotoxic relationship of SoMG......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 225
INTRODUCTION......Page 227
METABOLISM OF DAIDZIN AND DAIDZEIN IN RATS......Page 228
METABOLISM OF PUERARIN IN RATS......Page 231
METABOLISM OF GENISTIN AND GENISTEIN IN RATS......Page 233
METABOLITES OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED KAKKON-TO IN RAT AND HUMAN URINE......Page 235
CONCLUSIONS......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 238
Structure–activity relationships......Page 240
Natural products and analogs......Page 244
Glyco-conjugates......Page 250
Radiolabelled isoflavones......Page 251
CONCLUSIONS......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
Traditional Chinese medicine......Page 258
Chinese patent medicine......Page 259
Nutriceuticals and dietary supplements......Page 260
GE IN CHINESE PATENT MEDICINE......Page 265
Habitats, harvest time and isoflavone contents......Page 268
Isoflavone contents in the root and vine of Ge......Page 269
Processing methods and isoflavone contents......Page 270
Standardized medicinal Ge Gen......Page 271
REFERENCES......Page 272
INTRODUCTION......Page 274
KUDZU IN COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE......Page 275
P. LOBATA STARCH......Page 277
BY-PRODUCT RHIZOME CELLULOSE FIBER......Page 279
FINE FIBERS FOR TEXTILES......Page 280
FINE CHEMICALS FROM KUDZU......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 285
INTRODUCTION......Page 288
METHODS......Page 289
THE ENTHUSIASTIC PERIOD (1917–1953)......Page 290
THE PERIOD OF DISENCHANTMENT (1954–1984)......Page 292
THE PERIOD OF TEMPERED ENTHUSIASM (1985–PRESENT)......Page 293
SCIENTIFIC INFLUENCES ON THE LAY PUBLIC......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 298