Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach To Public Speaking

Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Detication......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 16
1 Speaking with Confidence......Page 28
What Is Public Speaking?......Page 29
Employment......Page 30
The Golden Age of Public Speaking......Page 31
The Technological Age of Public Speaking......Page 32
Communication as Action......Page 33
Communication as Interaction......Page 34
Communication as Transaction......Page 35
Improving your Confidence as a Speaker......Page 36
Understand Your Nervousness......Page 37
How to Build Your Confidence......Page 39
Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Begin with the End in Mind......Page 42
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 44
2 Presenting Your First Speech......Page 46
Consider Your Audience......Page 47
Gather and Analyze Information about Your Audience......Page 48
Select and Narrow Your Topic......Page 49
Determine Your Purpose......Page 51
Generate the Main Ideas......Page 52
Gather Supporting Material......Page 53
Organize Your Speech......Page 55
Sample Outline......Page 56
Rehearse Your Speech......Page 57
Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Use Your Communication Apprehension to Enhance Your Performance......Page 58
sample speech......Page 60
study Guide: Review, apply, and assess......Page 62
3 Speaking Freely and Ethically......Page 63
Speaking Freely......Page 64
Free Speech in the Twentieth Century......Page 65
Free Speech in the Twenty-First Century......Page 66
Speaking Ethically......Page 67
Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning......Page 68
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences......Page 69
Confidently connecting with your audience: Remember That You Will Look More Confident Than You May Feel......Page 70
Sample Oral Citation......Page 72
Speaking Credibly......Page 73
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 74
4 Listening to Speeches......Page 75
Personal Concerns......Page 77
Outside Distractions......Page 78
Differences between Speech Rate and Thought Rate......Page 79
Listen with Your Eyes as Well as Your Ears......Page 80
Listen Mindfully......Page 81
Listen Skillfully......Page 82
Improving Critical Listening and thinking Skills......Page 85
Separate Facts from Inferences......Page 86
Analyzing and Evaluating Speeches......Page 87
Giving Feedback to Others......Page 88
Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Look for Positive Listener Support......Page 91
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 92
5 Analyzing Your Audience......Page 94
Gathering Information Formally......Page 96
Identify Common Ground......Page 99
Adapting to Your Audience......Page 100
Demographic Audience Analysis......Page 101
Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Learn as Much as You Can about Your Audience......Page 104
Psychological Audience Analysis......Page 110
Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Consider Your Audience......Page 111
Situational Audience Analysis......Page 113
Adapting to Your Audience as You speak......Page 114
Identifying Nonverbal Audience Cues......Page 115
Strategies for Customizing Your Message to Your Audience......Page 117
Analyzing Your Audience after You speak......Page 118
Behavioral Responses......Page 119
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 120
6 Developing Your Speech......Page 122
Guidelines for Selecting a Topic......Page 123
Strategies for Selecting a Topic......Page 125
Narrowing the Topic......Page 127
General Purpose......Page 129
Specific Purpose......Page 130
Develop Your central idea......Page 132
A Complete Declarative Sentence......Page 133
A Single Idea......Page 134
Generate and Preview Your main ideas......Page 135
Generating Your Main Ideas......Page 136
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Generate
Your Main Ideas......Page 137
Previewing Your Main Ideas......Page 138
Meanwhile, Back at the computer . . .......Page 139
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 140
7 Gathering and Using Supporting Material......Page 142
The Internet......Page 143
Online Databases......Page 145
Traditional Library Holdings......Page 146
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Prepare Early......Page 147
Locate Resources......Page 148
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Gather
Supporting Material......Page 149
Illustrations......Page 150
Descriptions and Explanations......Page 151
Definitions......Page 152
Analogies......Page 153
Statistics......Page 154
Opinions......Page 156
The Best Supporting Material......Page 157
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 159
8 Organizing and Outlining Your Speech......Page 160
Confidently Connecting with
Your Audience: Organize
Your Message......Page 162
Organizing Ideas Topically......Page 163
Ordering Ideas Chronologically......Page 164
Arranging Ideas Spatially......Page 165
Organizing Ideas by Problem-Solution......Page 166
Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization......Page 167
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Organize
Your Speech......Page 168
Primacy or Recency......Page 169
From Soft to Hard Evidence......Page 170
Previews......Page 171
Transitions......Page 172
Summaries......Page 173
Developing Your Preparation Outline......Page 174
Sample Preparation Outline......Page 178
Developing Your Speaking Notes......Page 180
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 182
9 Introducing and Concluding Your Speech......Page 184
Purposes of Introductions......Page 185
Introduce the Subject......Page 186
Preview Your Main Ideas......Page 187
Illustrations or Anecdotes......Page 188
Quotations......Page 189
Humor......Page 190
References to Historical Events......Page 191
References to the Occasion......Page 192
Summarize the Speech......Page 193
Provide Closure......Page 194
References to the Introduction......Page 195
Inspirational Appeals or Challenges......Page 196
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 197
10 Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style......Page 198
Differentiating Oral and Written Language Styles......Page 199
Use Specific, Concrete Words......Page 200
Use Words Correctly......Page 201
Use Words Concisely......Page 202
Use Respectful Language......Page 203
Use Unbiased Language......Page 204
Crafting Memorable Word Structures......Page 205
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Use Words to Manage Your Anxiety......Page 206
Analyzing an Example of Memorable Word Structure......Page 207
Using Memorable Word Structures Effectively......Page 209
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 210
11 Delivering Your Speech......Page 211
Listeners Make Emotional Connections with You through Delivery......Page 212
Manuscript Speaking......Page 213
Impromptu Speaking......Page 214
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Re-create the Speech Environment When
You Rehearse......Page 215
Extemporaneous Speaking......Page 216
Eye Contact......Page 217
Gestures......Page 218
Movement......Page 220
Posture......Page 221
Vocal Delivery......Page 222
Personal Appearance......Page 227
Rehearsing Your Speech: Some final Tips......Page 228
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Rehearse
Your Speech......Page 229
Delivering Your Speech......Page 230
Responding to Questions......Page 231
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 234
12 Using Presentation Aids......Page 236
Images......Page 237
Text......Page 242
Video......Page 243
Audio......Page 244
People......Page 245
Basic Principles of Using Computer-Generated Presentation Aids......Page 246
Tips for Using Computer-Generated Presentation Aids......Page 247
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Practice with Your Presentation Aids to Boost
Your Confidence......Page 248
Select the Right Presentation Aid......Page 249
Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids......Page 250
Use Animals with Caution......Page 251
Time the Use of Visuals to Control Your Audience’s Attention......Page 252
Study Guide: Review, Apply and Assess......Page 254
13 Speaking to Inform......Page 255
Informative Speech Topics......Page 256
Speeches about Objects......Page 257
Speeches about People......Page 258
Speeches about Ideas......Page 259
Speak with Clarity......Page 260
Use Principles and Techniques of Adult Learning......Page 261
Clarify Unfamiliar Ideas or Complex Processes......Page 262
Motivate Your Audience to Listen to You......Page 263
Present Information That Relates to Your Listeners......Page 264
Sample Informative Speech......Page 265
Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall......Page 266
Make Your Key Ideas Short and Simple......Page 267
Developing an Audience-Centered Informative
Speech......Page 268
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 270
14 Understanding Principles of Persuasive Speaking......Page 271
Changing or Reinforcing Audience Beliefs......Page 272
Changing or Reinforcing Audience Behaviors......Page 273
Aristotle’s Traditional Approach: Using Ethos, Logos, and Pathos to Persuade......Page 274
ELM’s Contemporary Approach: Using a Direct or Indirect Path to Persuade......Page 275
How to Motivate Listeners......Page 276
Use Cognitive Dissonance......Page 277
Use Listeners’ Needs......Page 279
Use Negative Motivation......Page 281
Consider the Audience......Page 283
Determine Your Persuasive Purpose......Page 284
Develop Your Central Idea and Main Ideas......Page 285
Gather Supporting Material......Page 287
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Breathe to Relax......Page 288
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 289
15 Using Persuasive Strategies......Page 291
Understanding Credibility......Page 292
Improving Your Credibility......Page 293
Understanding Types of Reasoning......Page 294
Using Types of Evidence......Page 299
Using Evidence Effectively......Page 300
Avoiding Faulty Reasoning......Page 301
Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade......Page 304
Persuading the Receptive Audience......Page 307
Persuading the Neutral Audience......Page 308
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Enhance Your Initial Credibility......Page 309
Strategies for organizing Persuasive messages......Page 310
Refutation......Page 312
Sample Persuasive Speech......Page 313
Cause and Effect......Page 315
The Motivated Sequence......Page 316
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 319
16 Speaking for Special Occasions and Purposes......Page 321
Group Presentations......Page 322
Mediated Workplace Presentations......Page 325
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Seek a Variety of Speaking Opportunities......Page 326
Award Presentations......Page 327
Acceptances......Page 328
Keynote Addresses......Page 329
Commemorative Addresses......Page 330
After-Dinner Speaking: Using Humor......Page 331
Humorous Topics......Page 332
Humorous Verbal Strategies......Page 333
Humorous Nonverbal Strategies......Page 334
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess......Page 335
A Speaking in Small Groups......Page 336
Solving Problems in Groups and Teams......Page 337
Listen and Respond Courteously to Others......Page 340
Leadership Responsibilities......Page 341
Leadership Styles......Page 342
I Have a Dream: Martin Luther King......Page 344
Inaugural Address: John F. Kennedy......Page 345
Second Inaugural Address: Barack Obama......Page 347
Remarks to the U.S. Congress: Pope Francis......Page 350
The Need for Minority Bone Marrow
Donors: Julio Gonzalez......Page 355
Endnotes......Page 357
Glossary......Page 375
Credits......Page 382
Index......Page 387