Public Policies and Sustainable Development in Post-Reform India: Regional Responses and the Way Forward (New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 71)

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I: Economic Reforms, Public Policy Moderations and Sustainability
	Chapter 1: Contextualizing the 1990s´ Economic Reforms in India: A Politico-Economic Narrative
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Departure from the Nehruvian Legacy (1965-1991)
		1.3 The Economic Reform in 1991: Expectations and Realities
		1.4 Bringing Efficiency for Politico-Economic Leadership in South Asia
		1.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Green Economy, Sociopolitical and Environmental Implications of Institutional Participatory Governance
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Green Economic Implications
		2.3 Social Implications
		2.4 Environmental Implications
		2.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Democracy, Governance, and Public Policy: The Trio for Ensuring India Towards Sustainable Development Agendas
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Research Questions and Methods
		3.3 Democracy
		3.4 Governance
		3.5 Public Policy
		3.6 Theoretical Analysis
		3.7 Sustainable Development Goals and Inclusive Policy in India
		3.8 Policy Intervention for Sustainable Development
		3.9 Concluding Observation
		References
	Chapter 4: Social Protection Under the Aegis of Public Policy in India: A Step Toward Sustainability in Post-reform Period
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Progress in Building the Social Protection Systems: Global Outlook
		4.3 Social Security in India: Moving Toward Inclusive Progress
		4.4 Social Protection Systems in India: A Reflection from Data
		4.5 Moving Forward: Selective Social Protection Schemes in India
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Facets of Public Policies in Achieving Sustainable Development
	Chapter 5: Is Democracy a Precursor to Sustainable Development? Reflections on the Accomplishment of SDGs in India
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Public Policy: Scope of Intervention
		5.3 Good Governance for Ensuring SD
		5.4 The Democracy and SD Knot
		5.5 Challenges in Attaining Sustainable Development
		5.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Environmental Education in Public Education Sector in India, Especially West Bengal: Policy and Practice Towards Su...
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 EE and ESD: The Global Perspective
			6.2.1 Concept of SD in the Educational Policies in India in the Post-reform Period
			6.2.2 SD as Reflected in NEP 2020
		6.3 Present Status of Curricular and Pedagogical Aspects of SD Through EE/EVS in the Public Education Sector in West Bengal: P...
			6.3.1 Primary Level (Class/ Standards I-V)
			6.3.2 Upper-Primary Level (Class/Standards VI-VIII)
			6.3.3 Secondary Level (Class/Standards IX and X)
			6.3.4 Higher Secondary Level (Class/Standards XI and XII)
			6.3.5 Undergraduate (UG Level)
		6.4 Suggestions for Bolstering ESD Through EE/EVS
			6.4.1 Reorient Curricula
			6.4.2 Include EE as a Compulsory Subject in the Curricula
			6.4.3 Bring Back EE at the HS Level
			6.4.4 Encourage Co-scholastic Activities
			6.4.5 Adopt a ``Whole-School´´ Approach
			6.4.6 Apply ESD Pedagogies
			6.4.7 Include Locale-Specific Materials in EE
			6.4.8 Teach History and Geography Subjects as ``Carriers´´ of ESD
			6.4.9 Adopt Suitable Assessment Tools and Techniques
			6.4.10 Ensure Participation of the Local Communities
			6.4.11 Encourage ``Learning to Live Together´´
			6.4.12 Introduce an Effective Monitoring Mechanism
			6.4.13 Use Mass Media
		6.5 Closing Remarks
		References
	Chapter 7: Achieving Sustainable Development Goals with Gender Equality: A Hands-On Experience in India
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Discussion
			7.2.1 Land Rights
			7.2.2 Gender Resource Gaps (GRGs)
			7.2.3 GRG for Women in Different Communities and Work Sectors
				7.2.3.1 Women from Other Excluded Groups
			7.2.4 Middle-Aged Women (MAW)
			7.2.5 Gender-Equal Space for Spatial Planning
		7.3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Agricultural Sustainability and Women: Indian Scenario
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Objectives
		8.3 Conceptualizing Sustainable Agricultural System
			8.3.1 Models of Sustainable Agriculture
				8.3.1.1 The United States
				8.3.1.2 Mexico
				8.3.1.3 Kazakhstan
				8.3.1.4 North Korea
				8.3.1.5 New Zealand
				8.3.1.6 Ethiopia
				8.3.1.7 Ecuador
				8.3.1.8 Italy
		8.4 Agricultural Sustainability and Women
			8.4.1 Special Roles of Women Farmers
				8.4.1.1 Conservation of Agro-Biodiversity (Conservation of Flora and Fauna)
				8.4.1.2 Nature of Involvement of Women in Farming Activities
				8.4.1.3 Hurdles of Farm: Women and Agricultural Sustainability
					Non-sharing of Domestic or Household Activities by the Male Counterpart
					Lack of Access to the Property (Land)
					Difficulties in Accessing Credit Facilities
					Lack of Access to Training on Advanced Technologies
					Lack of Access to Market Information
					Legal Bottlenecks Concerning Repayment of Loans Inherited After Husband´s Death
					Inequal Remuneration with Male Workers
		8.5 Indian Approach
		8.6 Organization/Reorganization of Agriculture
			8.6.1 Social Security
			8.6.2 Financial Assistance Programme
			8.6.3 Crop Insurance
			8.6.4 Problem of Distress Selling
			8.6.5 Insurance Coverage
			8.6.6 Maternity Issues
			8.6.7 Social Securities and Old-Aged Farmers
			8.6.8 Land Rights
			8.6.9 Inequal Remuneration
		8.7 Other Schemes
		8.8 Conclusion and Suggestions
		References
	Chapter 9: Sustainability of Weavers Communities of West Bengal: Investigating the Role of Public Policy Interventions
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Objectives and Methodology
		9.3 Review of Literature
		9.4 Nature and Specificity of Weavers of West Bengal
		9.5 Trends of Transformation
		9.6 Creativity and Artistic Representation of Weavers Engaged in the Cotton Textile Sector of West Bengal
		9.7 Government-Aided Welfare Schemes for Weavers
		9.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Perceived Health Status Among Elderly in India: Leveraging Public Policies to Achieve SDG-3
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Materials and Method
			10.2.1 Data
			10.2.2 Key Measures
			10.2.3 Empirical Strategy
		10.3 Results and Discussion
		10.4 Contemporary Policies for the Elderly
		10.5 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Steps Toward Revitalizing the Education Sector
	Chapter 11: Digital Inclusion in School Education in India: Key Issues and Challenges
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Past Research on Digital Usage in School Education
		11.3 Research Questions
		11.4 Methodology
		11.5 Results and Analysis
		11.6 Findings and Discussions
		11.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Scope of Standardization of the Teacher Education Program Within the Purview of India´s National Education Policy ...
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Institutionalization of Teacher Education in India
		12.3 Objectives
		12.4 Methodology
		12.5 Study Area
		12.6 Rationale Behind the National Education Policy 2020
		12.7 Relevance of Teacher Education Program
		12.8 Highlights of Teacher Education Programs Across the Globe
		12.9 Key Recommendations of the National Education Policy (2020) on Teacher Education
			12.9.1 Bringing Teacher Education Courses Under the University
			12.9.2 Coexistence of Dual Degrees
			12.9.3 Ways to Increase Teacher Efficiency
			12.9.4 Development of Women´s Education
			12.9.5 Instruction to Close Down Substandard Individual Teacher Training Centers
			12.9.6 Changes in the Admission Process for Teacher Education Courses
			12.9.7 Increasing Responsibilities for the Varsities´ Education Departments
			12.9.8 Requirement of Teachers for Teacher Education Program
		12.10 Perception Towards National Educational Policy 2020: Across the Board
			12.10.1 Perception Study Regarding 4-Year Integrated B.Ed. Course Involving the Trainee Teachers
			12.10.2 Perception Study Regarding 4-Year Integrated B.Ed. Course Involving the Managerial Authorities
			12.10.3 Ground Realities
		12.11 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: The Implementation of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in India: An Initiative Toward Quality Education for Sus...
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)
		13.3 mooKIT
		13.4 IITBombayX
		13.5 Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM)
		13.6 How Far Are MOOCs Successful in Disseminating Quality Education in India? A Case Study
			13.6.1 Research Approach
			13.6.2 Learners´ Perception About Leadership Quality
			13.6.3 Learners´ Perception About Skill Development
			13.6.4 Learners´ Perception About Professional Growth and Development
			13.6.5 Learners´ Perception About Academic Excellence
			13.6.6 Learners´ Perception About Industry Exposure
		13.7 Discussion
		13.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Education Attainment Policy and Practices: A Study on Tea Plantation Workers and Their Children of Kurseong Tea Es...
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Review of Literature
		14.3 Statement of the Problem
		14.4 Objectives of the Study
		14.5 Study Area
		14.6 Methodology
		14.7 Data Analysis and Discussion
		14.8 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Public Policy Interventions in Social and Economic Changes
	Chapter 15: Contribution of Human and Physical Capital to the Economic Growth in India: Post-reform Scenario
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Literature Review
		15.3 Data and Methods
			15.3.1 Data
			15.3.2 Methods
				15.3.2.1 CUSUM Test
		15.4 Trends in Contributions of Human and Physical Capital
			15.4.1 Health
			15.4.2 Education
			15.4.3 Gross Capital Formation
		15.5 Empirical Results and Findings
			15.5.1 Unit Root Test
			15.5.2 VAR Lag Order Selection Criteria
			15.5.3 ARDL Bounds Test for Co-integration
				15.5.3.1 ARDL Long-Run Form and Bound Test
				15.5.3.2 ARDL Error Correction Regression
				15.5.3.3 Diagnostic Tests
					Summary of the Findings
			15.5.4 VECM Estimation and Findings
				15.5.4.1 Co-integration Equation
				15.5.4.2 Model 1
				15.5.4.3 Model 2
				15.5.4.4 Model 3
				15.5.4.5 Model 4
				15.5.4.6 Summary of the Findings
			15.5.5 VEC Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Test
				15.5.5.1 Model 1
				15.5.5.2 Model 2
				15.5.5.3 Model 3
				15.5.5.4 Model 4
				15.5.5.5 Diagnostic Check of VECM Residual
			15.5.6 Stability of the Health Model
		15.6 Variance Decomposition Analysis and Impulse Response Function
			15.6.1 Variance Decomposition
				15.6.1.1 Summary of the Findings
			15.6.2 Impulse Response Function Analysis
				15.6.2.1 Summary of the Findings
		15.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Exploring the Linkage Between GDP and its Major Determinants with a Special Focus on the New Economic Reforms of 1...
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Literature Review
		16.3 Data Coverage and Sources
		16.4 Research Methodology
		16.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation
			16.5.1 Unit Root Test
			16.5.2 Lag Selection Criteria
			16.5.3 Cointegration Test
			16.5.4 Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)
			16.5.5 Wald Test
			16.5.6 Diagnostic Testing
				16.5.6.1 Normality Test
				16.5.6.2 ARCH Test: Heteroscedasticity Testing
				16.5.6.3 Serial Correlation Test-LM Test
		16.6 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 17: Evolution of Public Policies for Empowering the Women in Self Help Groups in West Bengal, India
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Impact of SHG on Development: A Review of Past Studies
		17.3 Public Policies Related to SHGs
		17.4 Research Methodology
			17.4.1 Individual Empowerment Index (IEI)
			17.4.2 Women Empowerment Index SHG (WEISHG)
		17.5 Empirical Rigor
			17.5.1 Sample Estimation
			17.5.2 Sampling Methodology
		17.6 Research Findings
		17.7 Discussion
		17.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Gender Inequality in Labour Market and Public Policies: A General Equilibrium Approach
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 A Brief Review of Existing Literature
		18.3 Model with Duality
			18.3.1 Assumptions
			18.3.2 Commodity and Factor Market
		18.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 19: A Closer Look at Public and Private Sector Commercial Banks Through Performance Lenses: An Indian Experience in th...
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Literature Review
		19.3 Performance Measures and Determinants
			19.3.1 Measures of Performance
				19.3.1.1 Return on Assets (ROA)
				19.3.1.2 Return on Equity (ROE)
				19.3.1.3 Net Interest Margin (NIM)
			19.3.2 Performance Determinants
				19.3.2.1 Asset Size (AST)
				19.3.2.2 Asset Quality (ASQ)
				19.3.2.3 Asset Management (ASM)
				19.3.2.4 Operating Efficiency (OPE)
				19.3.2.5 Quality of Loan (QAV)
				19.3.2.6 Capital Adequacy (CAR)
				19.3.2.7 Employees Performance (EMP)
		19.4 Data and Methodology
			19.4.1 Data Source
			19.4.2 Methodology
			19.4.3 Hypotheses
				19.4.3.1 Hypotheses for Performance Measures
				19.4.3.2 Hypotheses for Performance Determinants
		19.5 Results and Discussions
		19.6 Practical and Social Implications
		19.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 20: Elite Capture or Good Governance? Social Security Entitlements in the Coal Mining Region of Jharkhand in India
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Methods
			20.2.1 Study Setting and its Location
			20.2.2 Sample Group
			20.2.3 Data Collection
			20.2.4 Ethical Aspects
			20.2.5 Outcome
			20.2.6 Independent Variables
			20.2.7 Methods
		20.3 Results
		20.4 Discussion
		20.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 21: Prioritizing the Bottom of the Pyramid Customers in Online Banking Service: Understanding the Realities with ESQUA...
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Literature Survey
		21.3 Objective of the Study
		21.4 Methods
		21.5 Findings
		21.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 22: Conjoining People Factor and Human Empowerment for Sustainable Progression: A Public Sector Study
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Literature Review
			22.2.1 Upholding Humanistic Proponents of Corporate Governance: Issues and Perspectives
			22.2.2 Managing Employee Grievance Aggression and Discontentment: An Optimistic Approach
			22.2.3 Redefining the Essentials of Discipline Management: Core of Human Empowerment
			22.2.4 Reorienting Employee Participation for Human Empowerment
			22.2.5 Integrating Industrial Relations and Human Resources: Pathway Towards Empowerment
		22.3 Need of the Study
		22.4 Commerce and Industries Department
		22.5 Objectives of the Study
		22.6 Research Methodology
		22.7 Findings of the Study
			22.7.1 Finding I: Identifying Broad Domains
			22.7.2 Findings II: Comprehending the Items
			22.7.3 Findings III: Designing a Comprehensive Scale
			22.7.4 Findings IV: Item-Wise Application
			22.7.5 Findings V: Employee Category-Wise Application
		22.8 Implications of the Study
		References