Public Health: An Introduction to the Science and Practice of Population Health

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Case Study Podcasts
Abbreviations and Common Definitions
	Abbreviations
	Common Definitions
Share: Public Health
Section I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Public Health and Population Health: Understanding Health and Disease
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: Public Health, Population Health, and Population Health Science: Key Distinctions
		The History of Public Health
		The Evolution of Academic Schools of Public Health in the United States
		What Are the Major Public Health Achievements Over the 20th Century and More Recently in the United States?
		Understanding Health and Disease
		The U.S. Public Health System
		Global Public Health
		Case Study 1.1: Population Health Thinking
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 2: What Causes Health of Populations? An Eco-Social and Life Course Approach
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: How Do We Explain What Causes Health and Disease?
		Conceptual Frameworks Inform the Production of Health in Populations
		The Eco-Social Perspective
		Case Study 2.1: Cigarette Smoking: Background and Eco-Social Perspective
		Life Course Perspective
		Case Study 2.2: Cigarette Smoking: The Life Course Perspective
		Considering The Eco-Social and Life Course Dimensions Together
		Case Study 2.3: Cigarette Smoking: Considering the Eco-Social and Life Course Dimensions Together
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 3: At the Heart of Public Health: Prevention and Health Equity
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: Two Core Principles of Public Health: Prevention and Health Equity
		Prevention: Creating the Healthiest Possible Life
		Prevention Basics: Types of Prevention
		Leveraging Prevention: Upstream Versus Downstream Approaches
		Prevention Basics: Applying Notions of Prevention to Local, National, and Global Populations
		Case Study 3.1: Prevention Efforts to Control the 2013–2016 Ebola Pandemic
		Public Health Versus Medical Care
		Health Equity
		Health Equity as a Core Abiding Principle for Public Health
		Trade-Offs That May Be Inherent in Improving Overall Health and Reducing Health Inequities
		Health Inequities in the United States
		Case Study 3.2: You Can’t Live Here: Governmental and Corporate Redlining Practices and Racial Segregation in American Cities
		Case Study 3.3: Getting from Here To There When You Have No Other Option: Public Transportation Routes, Likelihood of Stable Employment, and Health
		Health Inequities Globally
		Case Study 3.4: Fortification As a Health-Equitable Prevention Method
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
Section II: An Eco-Social Approach: What Causes Health and What We Can Do About it
	Chapter 4: Eco-Social Perspective: Individual Behavior and Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: Health Happens and Is Experienced in Individuals
		Health Behaviors and the Causes of Individual Health
		Understanding Individual Behavior
		Theories of Behavior and Behavior Change
		How Public Health Interventions Can Improve Individual Behavior and Improve Health
		Individual Behavior Intersecting With Other Eco-Social Drivers of Health
		Case Study 4.1: Disaster Preparedness for Public Health Professionals
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 5: Eco-Social Perspective: Social Networks and Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: Social Networks
		Understanding the Role of Social Networks
		The Operation of Social Networks in Infectious Disease Spread
		The Operation of Social Networks in Noncommunicable Diseases
		Case Study 5.1: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Transmission Through Social Networks Potentiated by Fear-Related Behaviors
		Case Study 5.2: Evolving Directions in Social Networks: Health Implications for Active Users of Social Media
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 6: Eco-Social Perspective: Neighborhoods, Cities, and Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: Neighborhoods are the Places Where We Live and Cities Are Where the Majority of Humans Live
		What is a Neighborhood?
		How Places (Neighborhoods) Affect Our Health
		Case Study 6.1: Dying for Healthy Food: Food Deserts in American Neighborhoods
		Improving Neighborhoods to Advance the Health of Populations
		Evidence-Based Public Health Efforts That Improve Population Health in Neighborhoods
		City Living as the Most Prominent Demographic Change of Our Time
		What Is a City?
		How Cities Affect Our Health
		Evidence-Based Public Health Efforts That Improve Population Health in Cities
		Case Study 6.2: Can You Bicycle in American Cities? Making Cities Safe for Walking and Bicycling
		The Global Healthy Cities Movement
		Environmental Determinants and Their Role in Creating Healthy Cities
		Case Study 6.3: The Health of Boston Neighborhoods
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 7: Eco-Social Perspective: Countries, Politics, Policies, and Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: Politics and Policies are Inseparable from Our Health
		Case Study 7.1: Crazy for Corn: How Federal Corn Subsidies in the United States Result in Widespread Availability of Calorie-Dense, Nutrient-Poor Food, Leading to Obesity
		How National Political Decisions Shape the Determinants of Health
		Case Study 7.2: The American Way: Driving Our Health Into the Ground
		Examples of Political Decisions that Modified Population Health
		How Organized Public Health Efforts Can Encourage Political Action Toward Healthy Populations
		The Role of Corporations in Shaping Policies That affect population Health
		Case Study 7.3: Continuing Use of Lead by Corporations Despite Safety Concerns
		Case Study 7.4: Corporations, Hydrofracking, and Population Health
		Case Study 7.5: Meeting the Challenges of Obesity
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
Section III: Across the Life Course: What Causes Health and What we can Do About it
	Chapter 8: Life Course Perspective: Perinatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood and Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: The Life Course Perspective
		Health in Early Childhood
		How Health is Generated During the Earliest Phases of the Life Course
		Case Study 8.1: Two Women’s Stories
		Understanding Threats to Health
		How Public Health Can Mitigate Threats to Health During the Earliest Phases of the Life Course
		Examples of Public Health Actions to Improve Health Early in the Life Course
		Case Study 8.2: The Finnish Baby Box
		Scaling Up Interventions for Global Dissemination
		Case Study 8.3: India’s Integrated Child Development Services: Example of Scaling Up Public Health Efforts to Improve Health Through Action During Childhood
		Case Study 8.4: Separating Children and Parents at the Border: When Scaling Up a Government Program Is Antithetical to Population Health
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 9: Life Course Perspective: Adolescence and Young Adulthood and Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview
		The Health of Adolescents and Young Adults
		How Adolescence Shapes Health Throughout the Life Course
		Mortality Patterns Among Youth and Young Adults
		Health Behaviors and Patterns of Injury and Illness for Youth and Young Adults in the United States
		Case Study 9.1: Adolescent Obesity in Relation to Unhealthy Dietary Behaviors and Physical Inactivity
		How to Encourage the Adoption Of Health-Promoting, Protective Behaviors
		How Public Health Can Mitigate Threats to Health During Adolescence/Young Adulthood
		Case Study 9.2: Adolescent and Young Adult Suicide: Rising Rates and Proliferating Risks
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 10: Life Course Perspective: Adulthood and Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: Health During the Adult Years
		Health in Relation to the Responsibilities of Adulthood
		How Health Is Generated During Adulthood
		How Disease Risks Evolve Over the Course of Adulthood
		How Public Health Can Mitigate These Threats to Health During Adulthood
		Case Study 10.1: Evidence-Based Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence
		Case Study 10.2: Depression in Adulthood
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 11: Life Course Perspective: Older Age and Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: The Aging Demographic Transition
		Evolving Population Patterns in an Aging World
		The Causes of Health in Older Age
		Increasing Disease Incidence and Prevalence of Diseases of Aging
		Global Healthcare Needs in an Aging World
		Changing Environments to Create Health in Older Age
		Case Study 11.1: Creating Health Reciprocally Across Generations
		Case Study 11.2: How Healthy Older Adults Can Help Create Health in Younger Ages
		How Public Health Can Mitigate Threats to Health During Older Age
		Case Study 11.3: Universal Design
		Case Study 11.4: Alzheimer’s Disease
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
Section IV: The Methods of Public Health
	Chapter 12: Analytic Approaches: The Evidence Base for Public Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: The Goals of Population Health Science
		The Analytic Approach to Population Health Science
		How Analytic Approaches Generate Evidence and Guide Public Health Action
		Case Study 12.1: Analyzing Forced Displacement As a Public Health Issue Using Mixed Methods
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 13: The Methods of Public Health Practice
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: The Scope of Public Health Practice
		Public Health Systems
		Three Core Functions of Public Health Practice
		Case Study 13.1: Public Health Practice During Florida Hurricane Season
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 14: Systems Science, Implementation Science, and Public Health Programs
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: Populations as Complex Systems
		A Complex System Approach to Understand the Health of Populations
		An Overview of the Methods of Analysis Applicable to Complex Systems
		Policy Resistance and the Limitations of Our Understanding
		On the Need For Transdisciplinary Approaches to Understand Complex Population Health Systems
		How Public Health Systems Can Be Built to Create Stronger Paths to Implementation
		Bridging Discovery Science and the Delivery of Evidence-Based Interventions
		The Principles That Guide Effective Implementation
		Fragile Points in the Implementation Chain Where Interventions Can Fail
		The Intersection of Public Health With Healthcare Delivery Systems
		Case Study 14.1: Making Your Pain Go Away/Creating an Opioid Epidemic
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Chapter 15: Community Engagement and Advocacy to Promote and Protect Health
		Learning Objectives
		Overview: Public Health is Concerned with the Cultural and Economic Contexts that Shape Health
		Case Study 15.1: Fast Food and the Ongoing Threat of Obesity
		The Multiple Sectors that Shape the Health of the Public
		Case Study 15.2: Laws and the Health of the Public
		Formal Models for Knowledge Translation Into Action
		Advocacy and Community Engagement As Core Components of Public Health
		Examples of Public Health Actions Informed by Collective Action
		Example of Collective Action Informed by Public Health Evidence and Activity
		Case Study 15.3: Citizen Action for Disaster Mitigation
		Summary
		Discussion Questions
		References
	Index