Psychology: Modules for Active Learning, 11th Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 22
The SQ4R Method—How To Tame a Textbook......Page 33
How to Use Psychology: Modules for Active Learning......Page 35
The LISAN Method—How To Tame a Lecture......Page 36
Study Strategies—Making a Habit of Success......Page 37
Self-Regulated Learning—Academic All-Stars......Page 38
Goal Setting......Page 39
General Test-Taking Skills......Page 40
The Book Companion Website......Page 41
Psych Sites......Page 42
Knowledge Builder......Page 43
A Final Word......Page 44
1. Introducing Psychology and Research Methods......Page 45
Empiricism......Page 47
Psychological Research......Page 48
Psychology’s Goals......Page 50
Module 1.1: Summary......Page 51
Knowledge Builder......Page 52
Thinking about Behavior......Page 53
Pseudopsychologies—Palms, Planets, and Personality......Page 54
Problems in the Stars......Page 55
The Scientific Method......Page 56
Knowledge Builder......Page 59
Functionalism......Page 60
Behaviorism......Page 61
Gestalt Psychology......Page 62
Humanistic Psychology......Page 63
The Role of Women in Psychology’s Early Days......Page 64
The Biological Perspective......Page 65
The Sociocultural Perspective......Page 66
Module 1.3: Summary......Page 67
Knowledge Builder......Page 68
Other Mental Health Professionals......Page 69
Specialties in Psychology......Page 71
Module 1.4: Summary......Page 72
Knowledge Builder......Page 73
Variables and Groups......Page 74
Placebo Effects, Sugar Pills, and Saltwater......Page 75
Critical Thinking That’s Interesting, But Is It Ethical?......Page 76
Module 1.5: Summary......Page 77
Knowledge Builder......Page 78
Limitations......Page 79
Correlation Coefficients......Page 80
The Clinical Method—Data by the Case......Page 81
Survey Method—Here, Have a Sample......Page 82
Module 1.6: Summary......Page 84
Knowledge Builder......Page 85
Psychology in the Media—Separating Fact from Fiction......Page 86
Interactive Learning......Page 88
2. Brain and Behavior......Page 89
Parts of a Neuron......Page 91
The Nerve Impulse......Page 92
Synapses and Neurotransmitters......Page 93
Discovering Psychology: Dollars, Drag Racing, and the Nervous System......Page 94
Neural Networks......Page 95
Neurons and Nerves......Page 96
Subparts of the Nervous System......Page 97
Module 2.1: Summary......Page 99
Knowledge Builder......Page 100
Mapping Brain Function—Figuring Out What the Parts Do......Page 101
EEG......Page 102
fMRI......Page 103
Module 2.2: Summary......Page 104
Knowledge Builder......Page 105
Cerebral Hemispheres......Page 106
Hemispheric Specialization......Page 107
The Clinical File: A Stroke of Bad Luck......Page 108
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 109
Human Diversity: His and Her Brains?......Page 112
Module 2.3: Summary......Page 113
Knowledge Builder......Page 114
The Hindbrain......Page 115
The Forebrain......Page 116
The Magnificent Brain......Page 117
The Endocrine System—My Hormones Made Me Do It......Page 118
Module 2.4: Summary......Page 121
Knowledge Builder......Page 122
Are You Right- or Left-Handed?......Page 123
Module 2.5: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 126
Interactive Learning......Page 127
3. Human Development......Page 129
Heredity......Page 131
Environment......Page 132
Reaction Range......Page 135
Module 3.1: Summary......Page 136
Knowledge Builder......Page 137
The World of the Neonate......Page 138
Motor Development......Page 140
Emotional Development......Page 141
Module 3.2: Summary......Page 142
Knowledge Builder......Page 143
Attachment......Page 144
Attachment and Affectional Needs......Page 145
Parenting Styles......Page 146
Maternal and Paternal Influences......Page 147
Ethnic Differences: Four Flavors of Parenting......Page 148
Module 3.3: Summary......Page 149
Knowledge Builder......Page 150
The Roots of Language......Page 151
Module 3.4: Summary......Page 153
Knowledge Builder......Page 154
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development......Page 155
Piaget Today......Page 157
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory......Page 159
Module 3.5: Summary......Page 160
Knowledge Builder......Page 161
The Search for Identity......Page 162
The Transition to Adulthood......Page 163
Moral Development—Growing a Conscience......Page 164
Levels of Moral Development......Page 165
Module 3.6: Summary......Page 166
Knowledge Builder......Page 167
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory......Page 168
A Midlife Crisis?......Page 170
Old Age......Page 171
Death and Dying—The Final Challenge......Page 172
Reactions to Impending Death......Page 173
Module 3.7: Summary......Page 174
Knowledge Builder......Page 175
Effective Discipline......Page 176
Communicating Effectively with Children......Page 178
Knowledge Builder......Page 179
Interactive Learning......Page 180
4. Sensation and Perception......Page 181
Analysis......Page 183
Sensory Coding......Page 184
Selective Attention—Tuning In and Tuning Out......Page 185
Module 4.1: Summary......Page 186
Knowledge Builder......Page 187
Structure of the Eye......Page 188
Rods and Cones......Page 189
Color Vision......Page 190
Adapting to Dim Light......Page 192
Discovering Psychology: Are You Color-Blind?......Page 193
Module 4.2: Summary......Page 194
Knowledge Builder......Page 195
How We Hear Sounds......Page 196
The Sense of Smell......Page 199
Taste and Flavors......Page 200
Pain......Page 201
Brainwaves: The Matrix: Do Phantoms Live Here?......Page 203
Module 4.3: Summary......Page 204
Knowledge Builder......Page 205
Perceptual Constancies—Taming an Unruly World......Page 206
Perceptual Organization—Getting It All Together......Page 207
Module 4.4: Summary......Page 210
Knowledge Builder......Page 211
Depth Perception—What If the World Were Flat?......Page 212
Binocular Depth Cues......Page 213
Monocular Depth Cues......Page 214
Module 4.5: Summary......Page 217
Knowledge Builder......Page 218
Perceptual Expectancies......Page 219
Critical Thinking: The Boiled Frog Syndrome......Page 220
Perceptual Learning......Page 221
The Clinical File Staying in Touch with Reality......Page 224
Module 4.6: Summary......Page 225
Knowledge Builder......Page 226
An Appraisal of ESP......Page 227
Stage ESP......Page 229
Knowledge Builder......Page 230
Positive Psychology: Perceptual Awareness......Page 231
Module 4.8: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 233
Interactive Learning......Page 234
5. States of Consciousness......Page 235
Sleep—A Nice Place to Visit......Page 237
The Need for Sleep......Page 238
Sleep Patterns......Page 239
The Clinical File: Teenage Sleep Zombies......Page 240
Stages of Sleep—The Nightly Roller-Coaster Ride......Page 241
Two Basic Kinds of Sleep......Page 242
Critical Thinking: Abducted by Space Aliens?......Page 243
Module 5.1: Summary......Page 244
Knowledge Builder......Page 245
Insomnia......Page 246
Sleepwalking, Sleeptalking, and Sleepsex......Page 247
Sleep Apnea......Page 248
Dream Worlds......Page 249
Dream Theories......Page 250
Module 5.2: Summary......Page 251
Knowledge Builder......Page 252
Stage Hypnosis......Page 253
Discovering Psychology: Swinging Suggestions......Page 254
The Reality of Hypnosis......Page 255
Meditation......Page 256
Sensory Deprivation......Page 257
Module 5.3: Summary......Page 258
Knowledge Builder......Page 259
Dependence......Page 260
Amphetamines......Page 263
Cocaine......Page 264
Caffeine......Page 265
Nicotine......Page 266
GHB......Page 267
Alcohol......Page 268
Marijuana......Page 271
Summary......Page 272
Module 5.4: Summary......Page 273
Knowledge Builder......Page 274
Dream Work......Page 275
Using Your Dreams......Page 276
Dreams and Creativity......Page 277
Interactive Learning......Page 278
6. Conditioning and Learning......Page 279
Operant Conditioning......Page 281
Pavlov’s Experiment......Page 282
Acquisition......Page 283
Expectancies......Page 284
Discrimination......Page 285
Vicarious, or Secondhand, Conditioning......Page 286
Module 6.1: Summary......Page 287
Knowledge Builder......Page 288
Positive Reinforcement......Page 289
Acquiring an Operant Response......Page 290
Shaping......Page 291
Negative Reinforcement......Page 292
Secondary Reinforcers......Page 293
Brainwaves: Tickling Your Own Fancy......Page 294
Feedback......Page 295
Learning Aids......Page 296
Module 6.2: Summary......Page 297
Knowledge Builder......Page 298
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement......Page 299
Stimulus Control—Red Light, Green Light......Page 301
Module 6.3: Summary......Page 303
Knowledge Builder......Page 304
Variables Affecting Punishment......Page 305
Using Punishment Wisely......Page 306
Knowledge Builder......Page 308
Latent Learning......Page 309
Observational Learning......Page 311
Modeling and the Media......Page 312
Module 6.5: Summary......Page 313
Knowledge Builder......Page 314
Self-Managed Behavior......Page 315
Contracting......Page 316
Module 6.6: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 317
Interactive Learning......Page 318
7. Memory......Page 319
Short-Term Memory......Page 321
Long-Term Memory......Page 322
Module 7.1: Summary......Page 323
Knowledge Builder......Page 324
Rehearsing Information......Page 325
Constructing Memories......Page 326
Critical Thinking: Do You Like Jam With Your Memory?......Page 327
Critical Thinking: Telling Wrong from Right in Forensic Memory......Page 328
Organizing Memories......Page 329
Skill Memory and Fact Memory......Page 330
Module 7.2: Summary......Page 331
Knowledge Builder......Page 332
Recognizing Information......Page 333
Relearning Information......Page 334
Module 7.3: Summary......Page 335
Knowledge Builder......Page 336
When Encoding Fails......Page 337
Discovering Psychology: Card Magic!......Page 338
Cue-Dependent Forgetting......Page 339
Interference......Page 340
Flashbulb Memories......Page 342
The Clinical File: The Recovered Memory/False Memory Debate......Page 343
Consolidation......Page 344
Module 7.4: Summary......Page 345
Critical Thinking: The Long-Term Potential of a Memory Pill......Page 346
Knowledge Builder......Page 347
Eidetic Imagery......Page 348
Strategies for Remembering......Page 349
Memory Strategies......Page 350
Module 7.5: Summary......Page 353
Knowledge Builder......Page 354
MODULE 7.6 Psychology in Action: Mnemonics—Memory Magic......Page 355
Module 7.6: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 357
Interactive Learning......Page 358
8. Intelligence, Cognition, Language, and Creativity......Page 359
Defining Intelligence......Page 361
Intelligence Tests......Page 362
Intelligence Quotients......Page 363
Group Tests......Page 364
The Mentally Gifted......Page 365
Intellectual Disability......Page 366
Multiple Intelligences......Page 367
Artificial Intelligence: I Compute, Therefore I Am......Page 368
Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence......Page 369
Critical Thinking: You Mean Video Games Might Be Good for Me?......Page 370
Module 8.1: Summary......Page 371
Knowledge Builder......Page 372
The Nature of Mental Images......Page 373
Forming Concepts......Page 375
Types of Concepts......Page 376
Language—Don’t Leave Home without It......Page 377
The Structure of Language......Page 378
Human Diversity: Bilingualism—Si o No, Oui ou Non, Yes or No?......Page 379
The Animal Language Debate......Page 380
Module 8.2: Summary......Page 382
Knowledge Builder......Page 383
Solutions by Understanding......Page 384
Insightful Solutions......Page 385
Human Diversity: How to Weigh an Elephant......Page 387
Common Barriers to Problem Solving......Page 388
Knowledge Builder......Page 389
Tests of Creativity......Page 390
Stages of Creative Thought......Page 392
Intuitive Thought—Mental Shortcut? Or Dangerous Detour?......Page 393
Intuition......Page 394
Framing......Page 395
Module 8.4: Summary......Page 396
Knowledge Builder......Page 397
Culture-Fair Testing......Page 398
The Politics of Race, Culture, and IQ......Page 399
Module 8.5: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 400
Interactive Learning......Page 401
9. Motivation and Emotion......Page 403
A Model of Motivation......Page 405
Primary Motives and Homeostasis......Page 406
Circadian Rhythms......Page 407
Knowledge Builder......Page 408
Brain Mechanisms......Page 409
External Factors in Hunger and Obesity......Page 411
Dieting......Page 412
Eating Disorders......Page 413
Discovering Psychology: Behavioral Dieting......Page 414
The Sex Drive......Page 416
Module 9.2: Summary......Page 417
Knowledge Builder......Page 418
Arousal Theory......Page 419
Levels of Arousal......Page 420
The Need for Achievement......Page 421
The Key to Success......Page 422
Motives in Perspective—A View from the Pyramid......Page 423
Turning Play into Work......Page 424
Module 9.3: Summary......Page 425
Knowledge Builder......Page 426
Primary Emotions......Page 427
Physiology and Emotion—Arousal, Sudden Death, and Lying......Page 428
Fight or Flight......Page 429
Lie Detectors......Page 430
Module 9.4: Summary......Page 431
Knowledge Builder......Page 432
Facial Expressions......Page 433
Body Language......Page 434
Schachter’s Cognitive Theory of Emotion......Page 435
Emotional Appraisal......Page 437
A Contemporary Model of Emotion......Page 438
Module 9.5: Summary......Page 439
Knowledge Builder......Page 440
MODULE 9.6 Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence— The Fine Art of Self-Control......Page 441
Module 9.6: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 442
Interactive Learning......Page 443
10. Personality......Page 445
Traits......Page 447
Critical Thinking: The Amazing Twins......Page 448
Types......Page 449
Personality Theories......Page 450
Human Diversity: Self-Esteem and Culture—Hotshot or Team Player?......Page 451
Module 10.1: Summary......Page 452
Knowledge Builder......Page 453
Classifying Traits......Page 454
Discovering Psychology: What’s Your Musical Personality?......Page 455
The Big Five......Page 456
The Clinical File: Perfectly Miserable......Page 457
Module 10.2: Summary......Page 458
Knowledge Builder......Page 459
The Structure of Personality......Page 460
The Dynamics of Personality......Page 461
Personality Development......Page 462
Knowledge Builder......Page 464
Learning Theories of Personality—Habit I Seen You Before?......Page 465
Social Learning Theory......Page 466
Behavioristic View of Development......Page 467
Module 10.4: Summary......Page 469
Knowledge Builder......Page 470
Maslow and Self-Actualization......Page 471
Carl Rogers’ Self Theory......Page 473
The Clinical File: Telling Stories about Ourselves......Page 474
Module 10.5: Summary......Page 475
Knowledge Builder......Page 476
The Interview......Page 477
Direct Observation and Rating Scales......Page 478
Personality Questionnaires......Page 479
The Thematic Apperception Test......Page 481
Module 10.6: Summary......Page 483
Knowledge Builder......Page 484
Dynamics of the Shy Personality......Page 485
Conversation......Page 486
Knowledge Builder......Page 487
Interactive Learning......Page 488
11. Health, Stress, and Coping......Page 489
Behavioral Risk Factors......Page 491
Health-Promoting Behaviors......Page 492
Community Health......Page 493
Module 11.1: Summary......Page 494
Knowledge Builder......Page 495
General Adaptation Syndrome......Page 496
When Is Stress a Strain?......Page 497
Appraising Stressors......Page 498
The Clinical File: Burnout—The High Cost of Caring......Page 499
The Clinical File: Coping with Traumatic Stress......Page 500
Frustration—Blind Alleys and Lead Balloons......Page 501
Reactions to Frustration......Page 502
Conflict—Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Well, Maybe......Page 503
Module 11.2: Summary......Page 505
Knowledge Builder......Page 507
Psychological Defense—Mental Karate?......Page 508
Learned Helplessness—Is There Hope?......Page 510
Depression......Page 511
Coping with Depression......Page 512
Module 11.3: Summary......Page 513
Knowledge Builder......Page 514
Life Events and Stress......Page 515
Psychosomatic Disorders......Page 517
Biofeedback......Page 518
The Cardiac Personality......Page 519
The Value of Social Support......Page 521
Module 11.4: Summary......Page 522
Knowledge Builder......Page 523
Managing Bodily Reactions......Page 524
Modifying Ineffective Behavior......Page 526
Module 11.5: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 527
Interactive Learning......Page 528
12. Psychological Disorders......Page 529
Normality—What Is Normal?......Page 531
Core Features of Disordered Behavior......Page 532
Classifying Mental Disorders—Problems by the Book......Page 533
An Overview of Psychological Disorders......Page 535
Insanity......Page 537
Module 12.1: Summary......Page 538
Knowledge Builder......Page 539
Antisocial Personality......Page 540
Anxiety Disorders......Page 542
Dissociative Disorders......Page 545
Somatoform Disorders......Page 546
Anxiety and Disorder—Four Pathways to Trouble......Page 547
Behavioral Approach......Page 548
Module 12.2: Summary......Page 549
Knowledge Builder......Page 550
The Nature of Psychosis......Page 551
Paranoid Psychosis......Page 553
Disorganized Schizophrenia......Page 554
Paranoid Schizophrenia......Page 555
Critical Thinking: Are the Mentally Ill Prone to Violence?......Page 556
The Causes of Schizophrenia......Page 557
Brainwaves: The Schizophrenic Brain......Page 559
Module 12.3: Summary......Page 560
Knowledge Builder......Page 561
Major Mood Disorders......Page 562
What Causes Mood Disorders?......Page 563
Social Stigma......Page 565
Module 12.4: Summary......Page 566
Knowledge Builder......Page 567
MODULE 12.5 Psychology in Action: Suicide—Lives on the Brink......Page 568
How to Help......Page 569
Module 12.5: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 570
Interactive Learning......Page 571
13. Therapies......Page 573
Origins of Therapy—Bored Skulls and Hysteria on the Couch......Page 575
Psychoanalysis—Expedition into the Unconscious......Page 577
Psychoanalysis Today......Page 578
Module 13.1: Summary......Page 579
Knowledge Builder......Page 580
Existential Therapy......Page 581
Gestalt Therapy......Page 582
Internet Therapy......Page 583
Module 13.2: Summary......Page 584
Knowledge Builder......Page 585
Aversion Therapy......Page 586
Desensitization......Page 587
Discovering Psychology: Feeling a Little Tense? Relax!......Page 588
Module 13.3: Summary......Page 589
Knowledge Builder......Page 590
Nonreinforcement and Extinction......Page 591
Reinforcement and Token Economies......Page 592
Cognitive Therapy for Depression......Page 593
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy......Page 594
Module 13.4: Summary......Page 595
Knowledge Builder......Page 596
Family Therapy......Page 597
Psychotherapy—An Overview......Page 598
Core Features of Psychotherapy......Page 599
Basic Counseling Skills......Page 600
Medical Therapies—Psychiatric Care......Page 602
Electroshock......Page 603
Hospitalization......Page 604
Module 13.5: Summary......Page 606
Knowledge Builder......Page 607
MODULE 13.6 Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Seeking Professional Help......Page 608
Self-Directed Desensitization—Overcoming Common Fears......Page 609
Locating a Therapist......Page 610
Module 13.6: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 612
Interactive Learning......Page 613
14. Gender and Sexuality......Page 615
Female or Male?......Page 617
Prenatal Sexual Development......Page 618
Gender Identity......Page 619
Origins of Male-Female Differences......Page 620
Gender Roles......Page 621
Gender Role Socialization......Page 622
Androgyny—Are You Masculine, Feminine, or Androgynous?......Page 623
Psychological Androgyny......Page 624
Module 14.1: Summary......Page 625
Knowledge Builder......Page 626
Sexual Arousal......Page 627
Sexual Orientation—Who Do You Love?......Page 630
Module 14.2: Summary......Page 631
Knowledge Builder......Page 632
Human Sexual Response—Sexual Interactions......Page 633
Comparing Male and Female Responses......Page 634
Paraphilias......Page 635
Attitudes and Sexual Behavior—The Changing Sexual Landscape......Page 636
Is the Revolution Over?......Page 637
Critical Thinking: Are We Oversexualizing Young Girls?......Page 638
The Crime of Rape......Page 639
HIV/AIDS......Page 640
Behavioral Risk Factors......Page 641
Module 14.3: Summary......Page 643
Knowledge Builder......Page 644
Arousal Disorders......Page 645
Orgasm Disorders......Page 647
Relationships and Sexual Adjustment......Page 648
Intimacy and Communication......Page 649
Module 14.4: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 650
Interactive Learning......Page 651
15. Social Behavior......Page 653
Social Comparison Theory......Page 655
Interpersonal Attraction......Page 656
Self-Disclosure......Page 657
Loving and Liking—Dating, Rating, Mating......Page 658
Sex, Evolution, and Mate Selection......Page 659
Knowledge Builder......Page 660
Group Structure, Cohesion, and Norms......Page 661
Making Attributions......Page 662
Social Influence—Follow the Leader......Page 663
Conformity......Page 664
Module 15.2: Summary......Page 665
Knowledge Builder......Page 666
Compliance—A Foot in the Door......Page 667
Obedience—Would You Electrocute a Stranger?......Page 668
Milgram’s Obedience Studies......Page 669
Discovering Psychology: Quack Like a Duck......Page 670
Assertiveness Training—Standing Up for Your Rights......Page 671
Module 15.3: Summary......Page 672
Knowledge Builder......Page 673
Forming Attitudes......Page 674
Attitudes and Behavior......Page 675
Persuasion......Page 676
Cognitive Dissonance Theory......Page 677
Cults......Page 678
Knowledge Builder......Page 680
The Prejudiced Personality......Page 681
Intergroup Conflict—The Roots of Prejudice......Page 682
Experiments in Prejudice......Page 684
Critical Thinking: Is America Purple?......Page 685
Module 15.5: Summary......Page 687
Knowledge Builder......Page 688
Biology......Page 689
Frustration......Page 690
Social Learning......Page 691
Preventing Aggression......Page 692
Bystander Intervention......Page 693
Who Will Help Whom?......Page 694
Module 15.6: Summary......Page 695
Knowledge Builder......Page 696
Breaking the Prejudice Habit......Page 697
Tolerance and Cultural Awareness......Page 698
Module 15.7: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 699
Interactive Learning......Page 700
16. Applied Psychology......Page 701
Theory X and Theory Y Leadership......Page 703
Critical Thinking: Beyond the Glass Ceiling: Enter the Labyrinth......Page 704
Job Satisfaction......Page 706
Organizational Culture......Page 707
Job Analysis......Page 708
Selection Procedures......Page 709
Discovering Psychology: Surviving Your Job Interview......Page 710
Effective Communication......Page 711
Being a Good Listener......Page 712
Module 16.1: Summary......Page 713
Knowledge Builder......Page 714
Environmental Psychology—Life in the Big City......Page 715
Spatial Norms......Page 716
Environmental Influences......Page 717
Stressful Environments......Page 718
Toxic Environments......Page 720
Sustainable Lifestyles......Page 721
Social Dilemmas......Page 722
Discovering Psychology: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle......Page 723
Environmental Problem Solving......Page 724
Module 16.2: Summary......Page 725
Knowledge Builder......Page 726
Jury Behavior......Page 727
Jury Selection......Page 728
Sports Psychology—The Athletic Mind......Page 729
Positive Psychology: Peak Performance......Page 731
Module 16.3: Summary......Page 732
Knowledge Builder......Page 733
Designing for Human Use......Page 734
Human–Computer Interaction......Page 735
Space Habitats......Page 736
Module 16.4: Psychology in Action Summary......Page 737
Knowledge Builder......Page 738
The Journey Continues: Psychology and You......Page 739
Appendix: Behavioral Statistics......Page 741
Module A.1: Descriptive Statistics......Page 743
Module A.2: Inferential Statistics......Page 749
Glossary......Page 754
References......Page 771
Name Index......Page 816
Subject Index......Page 830