Psychology: Core Concepts

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
To the Student …......Page 18
About the Authors......Page 24
1 Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science......Page 26
1.1: Psychology: It's More Than You Think......Page 27
1.1.2: Applied Psychological Specialties......Page 28
1.2: Thinking Critically About Psychology and Pseudo-Psychology......Page 29
1.2.1: What Is Critical Thinking?......Page 30
Do It Yourself! Psychological Science or Psychobabble?......Page 32
Key Question: What Are Psychology's Six Main Perspectives?......Page 33
1.3.2: Two Variations on the Biological Theme......Page 34
1.4: The Founding of Scientific Psychology......Page 35
Do It Yourself! An Introspective Look at the Necker Cube......Page 36
1.4.5: The Modern Cognitive Perspective......Page 37
1.5.1: The Behavioral Perspective Focuses on the Observable and Measurable......Page 38
1.5.3: The Sociocultural Perspective Links Us to Others......Page 39
1.5.4: The Whole-Person Perspectives Revives Emphasis on the Whole......Page 40
Do It Yourself! Applying Psychology's Perspectives......Page 41
Key Question: How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge?......Page 42
1.7.1: Develop a Hypothesis......Page 43
1.7.2: Collect Objective Data......Page 44
1.8.1: Experiments......Page 45
1.8.2: Correlational Studies......Page 46
1.8.4: Naturalistic Observations......Page 49
1.9.1: Controlling Biases......Page 50
1.9.2: Ethical Issues in Psychological Research......Page 51
Do It Yourself! Is This Research Ethical?......Page 52
Psychology Matters: The Perils of Pseudo-Psychology......Page 54
Critical Thinking Applied: Do Childhood Vaccinations Increase Risk of Autism?......Page 55
Summary: Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science......Page 56
2 Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature......Page 58
CHAPTER PROBLEM: What does Jill's experience teach us about how our brain is organized and about its amazing ability to adapt?......Page 59
2.1: Evolution and Natural Selection......Page 60
2.1.2: Evolutionary Explanations for Psychological Processes......Page 61
2.2: Genetics and Inheritance......Page 62
2.2.2: Genetic Explanations for Psychological Processes......Page 63
2.3.2: More About the Genome......Page 64
2.3.3: How Life Experiences Change the Epigenome......Page 65
Psychology Matters: Choosing Your Children's Genes......Page 66
Key Question: How Does the Body Communicate Internally?......Page 67
2.4.1: Types of Neurons......Page 68
2.4.2: How Neurons Work......Page 69
2.4.3: Glial Cells: A Support Group for Neurons......Page 71
2.4.4: Neural Plasticity......Page 72
2.5: The Nervous System......Page 73
2.5.2: The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 74
2.6.1: How Does the Endocrine System Respond in a Crisis?......Page 76
Psychology Matters: How Psychoactive Drugs Affect the Nervous System......Page 77
2.7: Windows on the Brain......Page 78
2.7.4: Which Scanning Method Is Best?......Page 79
2.8: Three Layers of the Brain......Page 80
2.8.1: The Brain Stem and Its Neighbors......Page 81
2.8.2: The Limbic System: Emotions, Memories, and More......Page 82
2.8.3: The Cerebral Cortex: The Brain's Thinking Cap......Page 84
2.9.1: The Frontal Lobes......Page 85
2.9.3: The Temporal Lobes......Page 88
2.9.5: The Association Cortex......Page 89
2.10: Cerebral Dominance......Page 90
2.10.4: Male and Female Brains......Page 91
2.10.5: The Strange and Fascinating Case of the Split Brain......Page 92
2.10.6: Understanding Brain Damage......Page 93
Psychology Matters: Contact Sports and Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 94
Critical Thinking Applied: Left Brain versus Right Brain......Page 96
Summary: Biopsychology, Neuroscience and Human Nature......Page 97
3 Sensation and Perception......Page 99
CHAPTER PROBLEM: Is there any way to tell whether the world we "see" in our minds is the same as the external world-and whether we see things as most others do?......Page 100
Key Question: How Does Stimulation Become Sensation?......Page 101
3.1: Transduction: Changing Stimulation to Sensation......Page 102
3.2: Thresholds: The Boundaries of Sensation......Page 103
3.3: Signal Detection Theory......Page 104
Key Question: How Are the Senses Alike? How Are They Different?......Page 105
3.4.1: The Anatomy of Visual Sensation: How the Nervous System Processes Light......Page 106
3.4.2: Processing Visual Sensation in the Brain......Page 108
3.5.1: The Physics of Sound: How Sound Waves Are Produced......Page 112
3.5.2: Sensing Sounds: How We Hear Sound Waves......Page 113
3.5.3: Psychological Qualities of Sound: How We Identify Pitch, Loudness, and Timbre......Page 114
3.5.5: Hearing Loss......Page 115
3.6: Comparing Vision, Hearing, and Other Senses......Page 116
3.6.2: The Sense of Smell......Page 117
3.6.3: The Sense of Taste......Page 119
3.6.4: The Skin Senses......Page 120
3.7: Synesthesia: Sensations Across the Senses......Page 121
Psychology Matters: The Sense and Experience of Pain......Page 122
Key Question: What Is the Relationship Between Sensation and Perception?......Page 124
3.8.2: Objects and Scenes Seen by the Brain......Page 125
3.8.4: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing......Page 126
3.8.6: Inattentional Blindness and Change Blindness......Page 127
3.9.1: What Illusions Tell Us About Sensation and Perception......Page 128
3.10: Theoretical Explanations for Perception......Page 130
Do It Yourself! Figure Obscures Ground......Page 131
3.10.2: The Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Grouping......Page 132
3.10.3: Helmholtz's Theory on How Experience Influences Perception......Page 133
3.10.4: Depth Perception: Nature or Nurture?......Page 135
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 137
Critical Thinking Applied: Subliminal Perception and Subliminal Persuasion......Page 138
Summary: Sensation and Perception......Page 139
4 Learning and Human Nurture......Page 142
CHAPTER PROBLEM: Assuming Sabra's fear of flying was a response she had learned, could it also be treated by learning? If so, how?......Page 143
Key Question: What Sort of Learning Does Classical Conditioning Explain?......Page 144
4.1: The Essentials of Classical Conditioning......Page 145
4.1.1: Acquisition......Page 146
4.1.2: Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery......Page 147
4.2.1: Conditioned Fears: The Notorious Case of Little Albert......Page 148
4.2.3: Biological Predispositions: A Challenge to Pavlov......Page 150
4.2.5: Classical Conditioning in Advertising......Page 151
4.2.6: Harnessing the Power of Classical Conditioning......Page 152
Key Question: How Do We Learn New Behaviors by Operant Conditioning?......Page 153
4.4: The Power of Reinforcement......Page 154
4.4.3: Continuous Versus Intermittent Reinforcement......Page 155
4.4.4: Schedules of Reinforcement......Page 156
4.4.5: The Role of Biology in Operant Conditioning......Page 157
4.4.6: Token Economies......Page 158
4.4.8: Reinforcement Across Cultures......Page 159
4.5.1: Punishment versus Negative Reinforcement......Page 160
4.5.2: Uses and Abuses of Punishment......Page 161
4.5.3: Does Punishment Ever Work?......Page 162
4.7: Operant and Classical Conditioning Compared......Page 163
4.7.2: Is the Behavior Voluntary or Reflexive?......Page 164
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 165
4.8: Insight Learning: Köhler in the Canaries with Chimps......Page 166
4.9.1: Mental Images-Not Behaviors......Page 167
4.9.3: The Significance of Tolman's Work......Page 168
4.10: Observational Learning: Bandura's Challenge to Behaviorism......Page 169
4.10.2: Effects of Media Violence......Page 170
4.10.3: Observational Learning Applied to Social Problems Around the Globe......Page 171
4.11.2: "Fear of Flying" Revisited......Page 172
Psychology Matters: Fear of Flying Revisited......Page 173
Critical Thinking Applied: Do Different People Have Different "Learning Styles"?......Page 174
Do It Yourself! Adapting Yourself to Better Learning......Page 175
Summary: Learning and Human Nurture......Page 176
5 Memory......Page 178
Key Question: What Is Memory?......Page 179
5.1: Memory Is Constructed, and Reconstructed......Page 180
5.1.1: Memory's Three Basic Tasks......Page 181
Psychology Matters: Would You Want a "Photographic" Memory?......Page 182
Key Question: How Do We Form Memories?......Page 183
5.2.1: The Capacity and Duration of Sensory Memory......Page 184
5.3: The Second Stage: Working Memory......Page 185
Do It Yourself! Finding Your Working Memory Capacity......Page 186
5.3.2: The Structure and Function of Working Memory......Page 187
5.3.4: The Biological Basis of Working Memory......Page 188
5.4.1: The Capacity and Duration of Long-Term Memory......Page 189
5.4.2: The Structure and Function of Long-Term Memory......Page 190
Do It Yourself! How Schemas Impact Memory......Page 191
5.4.3: The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory......Page 192
Psychology Matters: "Flashbulb" Memories: Where Were You When … ?......Page 194
5.5: Implicit and Explicit Memory......Page 195
5.5.1: Retrieval Cues......Page 196
5.5.2: Other Factors Affecting Retrieval......Page 197
Psychology Matters: On the Tip of Your Tongue......Page 198
5.6: The Sins of Omission......Page 199
5.6.1: Transience: Fading Memories Cause Forgetting......Page 200
5.6.2: Absent-Mindedness: Lapses of Attention Cause Forgetting......Page 202
5.7.2: Suggestibility: External Cues Distort or Create Memories......Page 203
5.7.3: Bias: Beliefs, Attitudes, and Opinions Distort Memories......Page 205
5.7.5: The Advantages of the "Seven Sins" of Memory......Page 206
5.8.3: Remembering Names......Page 207
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 208
Critical Thinking Applied: The Recovered Memory Controversy......Page 209
Summary: Memory......Page 210
6 Thinking and Intelligence......Page 213
CHAPTER PROBLEM: What produces "genius," and to what extent are the people we call "geniuses" different from the rest of us?......Page 214
6.1: Concepts......Page 215
6.1.2: Concept Hierarchies......Page 216
6.2: Imagery and Cognitive Maps......Page 217
6.4: Intuition......Page 219
6.4.1: When Can You Rely on Intuition?......Page 220
Psychology Matters: Schemas and Scripts Help You Know What to Expect......Page 221
6.5: Problem Solving......Page 222
6.5.3: Some Useful Heuristic Strategies......Page 223
6.5.4: Obstacles to Problem Solving......Page 224
Do It Yourself! Overcoming Mental Sets......Page 225
6.6: Judging and Making Decisions......Page 226
6.6.3: Anchoring Bias......Page 227
6.6.6: The Tyranny of Choice......Page 228
6.7.2: Knowledge and Understanding......Page 229
6.7.3: Aptitudes, Personality Characteristics, and Creativity......Page 230
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 231
Key Question: How Is Intelligence Measured?......Page 232
6.9: American Psychologists Borrow Binet and Simon's Idea......Page 233
6.9.3: Problems With the IQ Formula......Page 234
6.9.4: Calculating IQs "On the Curve"......Page 235
6.9.5: IQ Testing Today......Page 236
Psychology Matters: What Can You Do for an Exceptional Child?......Page 237
Key Question: Is Intelligence One or Many Abilities?......Page 239
6.11: Cognitive Theories of Intelligence......Page 240
6.11.2: Gardner's Multiple Intelligences......Page 241
6.11.3: Assessing Cognitive Theories of Intelligence......Page 242
6.12.2: A Native American Concept of Intelligence......Page 243
6.13.2: Language of the Apes......Page 244
Psychology Matters: Test Scores and the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy......Page 245
Key Question: How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups?......Page 246
6.15: What Evidence Shows That Intelligence Is Influenced by Environment?......Page 247
6.16: Heritability (not Heredity) and Group Differences......Page 248
6.16.3: Social Class and IQ......Page 249
6.16.5: Test Biases and Culture-Fair Tests......Page 250
6.16.7: Mindset and Stereotype Threat......Page 251
Psychology Matters: Brain Training Programs: Do They Work?......Page 252
Critical Thinking Applied: The Question of Gender Differences......Page 253
Summary: Thinking and Intelligence......Page 254
7 Development Over the Life Span......Page 256
CHAPTER PROBLEM: Do the amazing accounts of similarities in twins reared apart indicate we are primarily a product of our genes? Or do genetics and environment work together to influence growth and development over the life span?......Page 257
Key Question: What Innate Abilities Does the Infant Possess?......Page 258
7.1.2: Teratogens: Prenatal Toxins......Page 259
7.2.2: Sensory Abilities in the Newborn......Page 260
7.2.3: Social Abilities......Page 261
7.3.2: The Genetic Leash......Page 262
7.3.4: Contact Comfort......Page 264
7.3.5: Attachment......Page 265
Do It Yourself! What's Your Attachment Style?......Page 267
Psychology Matters: Not Just Fun and Games: The Role of Child's Play in Life Success......Page 268
Key Question: What Are the Developmental Tasks of Childhood?......Page 269
7.4.1: Language Structures in the Brain......Page 270
7.4.2: Acquiring Vocabulary and Grammar......Page 271
7.5.1: Schemas......Page 272
7.5.2: Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development......Page 274
7.5.3: Beyond Piaget: Contemporary Perspectives on Cognitive Development......Page 277
7.6.1: Temperament......Page 278
7.6.2: Socialization......Page 279
7.6.3: Psychosocial Development in Childhood: Erikson's Stages......Page 281
Psychology Matters: The Puzzle of ADHD......Page 283
7.7: Adolescence and Culture......Page 285
7.8.1: Body Image......Page 286
7.8.2: Adolescent Sexuality......Page 287
7.9.2: The Brain Undergoes Major Pruning......Page 288
7.10.1: Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development......Page 289
7.10.2: Moral Disengagement......Page 291
7.11.1: Psychosocial Development in Adolescence......Page 293
7.11.2: Gender Issues in Adolescence......Page 294
7.11.3: Do Parents Still Matter?......Page 295
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 296
Key Question: What Developmental Challenges Do Adults Face?......Page 297
7.12.2: Emerging Adulthood: The In-Between Stage......Page 298
7.12.3: Modern Approaches to Intimacy......Page 299
7.13.2: Transitions......Page 300
7.14: Late Adulthood: The Age of Integrity......Page 302
7.14.3: Cognitive Changes......Page 303
7.14.4: Social and Emotional Changes......Page 304
Psychology Matters: A Look Back at the Jim Twins and Your Own Development......Page 305
Critical Thinking Applied: The Mozart Effect......Page 307
Summary: Development Over the Life Span......Page 308
8 States of Consciousness......Page 312
Key Question: How Is Consciousness Related to Other Mental Processes?......Page 313
8.1.1: Mental Rotation......Page 315
8.2.1: Freud's Levels of Consciousness......Page 316
8.2.2: James's Stream of Consciousness......Page 317
8.2.4: What Does Consciousness Do for Us?......Page 318
8.3.2: Can People in a Coma Hear Your Voice?......Page 319
Key Question: What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness?......Page 320
8.4.2: Is Daydreaming Helpful or Harmful?......Page 321
Tips for Managing Jet Lag and Other Circadian Shifts......Page 322
8.5.2: The Main Events of Sleep......Page 323
8.5.3: The Sleep Cycle......Page 324
8.5.4: Why Do We Sleep?......Page 325
8.5.6: Sleep Debt Wreaks Havoc......Page 326
8.6.1: What Do We Dream About?......Page 327
8.6.2: Why Do We Dream?......Page 328
Do It Yourself! Finding Your Creative Inspiration in Dreams......Page 330
Psychology Matters: Sleep Disorders......Page 331
Key Question: What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take?......Page 332
8.7.1: Hypnotizability......Page 333
8.7.3: Practical Uses of Hypnosis......Page 334
8.8.2: Effects of Meditation......Page 335
8.9.1: Trends in Drug Use......Page 336
8.9.2: Hallucinogens......Page 337
8.9.4: Depressants and Antianxiety Drugs......Page 339
8.9.5: Stimulants......Page 340
8.9.6: The Altered States of Anesthesia......Page 341
Psychology Matters: Dependence and Addiction......Page 342
Critical Thinking Applied: The Unconscious-Reconsidered......Page 344
Summary: States of Consciousness......Page 345
9 Motivation and Emotion......Page 348
Key Question: What Motivates Us?......Page 349
9.1: Why People Work: McClelland's Theory......Page 350
9.1.2: A Cross-Cultural View of Achievement......Page 351
9.2.1: Overjustification......Page 352
Key Question: How Are Our Motivational Priorities Determined?......Page 353
9.3.1: Drive Theory......Page 354
9.4: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs......Page 355
9.4.1: Putting It All Together: A New Hierarchy of Needs......Page 356
Key Question: Where Do Hunger and Sex Fit into the Motivational Hierarchy?......Page 357
9.5.2: Biological Factors Affecting Hunger and Eating......Page 358
9.5.4: Eating Disorders......Page 359
9.5.5: Obesity and Weight Control......Page 360
9.6.1: Alternatives to Willpower......Page 361
9.7: Sexual Motivation: An Urge You Can Live Without......Page 362
9.7.1: The Scientific Study of Sexuality......Page 363
9.7.2: Gender Similarities and the Physiology of Sex......Page 364
9.7.4: An Evolutionary Perspective on Sexuality......Page 365
Psychology Matters: The What and Why of Sexual Orientation......Page 366
Key Question: How Do Our Emotions Motivate Us?......Page 367
9.9.2: What Emotions Do for Us......Page 368
9.9.3: Counting the Emotions......Page 369
Do It Yourself! Identifying Facial Expressions of Emotion......Page 370
Key Question: What Processes Control Our Emotions?......Page 371
9.10.3: Lateral Differences in the Frontal Lobes......Page 372
9.10.4: Where the Cortex Meets the Limbic System......Page 373
9.10.6: The Autonomic Nervous System's Role in Emotion......Page 374
9.11: Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted U......Page 375
Do It Yourself! Are You a Sensation Seeker?......Page 376
9.12.2: Or Do Our Feelings Come From Cognitions?......Page 377
9.12.3: The Two-Factor Theory......Page 378
9.13.1: Emotional Intelligence......Page 379
9.13.3: The Persistence of Emotional Intelligence......Page 380
Psychology Matters: Detecting Deception......Page 381
Do It Yourself! The Eyes Have It......Page 382
Critical Thinking Applied: Do Lie Detectors Really Detect Lies?......Page 383
Summary: Motivation and Emotion......Page 384
10 Personality......Page 388
Key Question: What Forces Shape Our Personalities?......Page 390
10.1.1: Which View Is Right?......Page 391
10.2.1: What Environments Make the Most Difference?......Page 392
10.4.1: But How Does Culture Influence Personality?......Page 393
10.4.2: Cross-Cultural Differences in Shyness......Page 394
Psychology Matters: Explaining Unusual People and Unusual Behavior......Page 395
Key Question: What Persistent Patterns, or Dispositions, Make Up Our Personalities?......Page 396
10.5: Personality and Temperament......Page 397
10.5.2: Tempered With a Bit of Learning?......Page 398
10.6.2: The "Big Five" Traits......Page 399
10.7.1: How Our "Time Zone" Influences Our Decisions......Page 402
10.7.2: Identifying Your Time Zone: The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory......Page 403
Psychology Matters: Positivity as a Core of Personality and Well-Being......Page 404
10.8.1: Freud and Psychoanalysis......Page 405
10.8.2: Evaluating Freud's Work......Page 410
10.8.3: The Neo-Freudians......Page 412
10.9.1: Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality......Page 416
10.9.2: Carl Rogers's Fully Functioning Person......Page 417
10.9.3: Evaluating the Humanistic Theories......Page 418
10.10: The Existential Approach: Finding Meaning in Existence......Page 419
10.11: Social-Cognitive Theories: Emphasis on Social Learning......Page 420
10.11.2: Locus of Control: Rotter's Theory......Page 421
10.12: Current Trends: The Person in a Social System......Page 422
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 423
10.13: Implicit Personality Theories......Page 424
10.14: Self-Narratives: The Stories of Our Own Personalities......Page 425
10.15.1: Individualism, Collectivism, and Personality......Page 426
Psychology Matters: When Personalities Become Disordered......Page 427
Critical Thinking Applied: The Person-Situation Controversy......Page 429
Summary: Personality......Page 430
11 Social Psychology......Page 434
CHAPTER PROBLEM: What makes ordinary people willing to harm other people, as they did in Milgram's shocking experiment?......Page 436
Key Question: How Is Our Behavior Affected by the Social Situation?......Page 437
11.1.1: Social Roles and Social Norms......Page 438
11.1.2: Schemas and Scripts......Page 439
11.1.3: Social Norms Influence Students' Political Views......Page 440
11.2.1: The Asch Effect: A Minority of One in a Challenging Majority......Page 441
11.2.2: What's It to You?......Page 442
11.2.4: Cultural Differences in Conformity......Page 443
11.2.6: Conformity and Independence Light Up the Brain Differently......Page 444
11.2.9: Groupthink......Page 445
11.3: Obedience to Authority......Page 446
11.3.1: Milgram's Research Revisited......Page 448
11.3.2: Variations on an Obedience Theme......Page 449
11.3.3: Heroic Defiance......Page 450
11.4.1: Does Milgram's Obedience Power Still Apply?......Page 451
11.4.3: Some Real-World Extensions of the Milgram Obedience to Authority Paradigm......Page 452
11.5: The Bystander Problem: The Evil of Inaction......Page 453
11.5.1: Contrived Emergencies......Page 454
11.5.3: Need Help? Ask for It!......Page 455
Psychology Matters: On Being "Shoe" at Yale U......Page 456
Key Question: Constructing Social Reality: What Influences Our Judgments of Others?......Page 457
11.6.2: Proximity......Page 458
11.6.5: Physical Attractiveness......Page 459
11.6.6: Exceptions to the Reward Theory of Attraction......Page 460
11.7: Loving Relationships......Page 462
11.8.1: The Fundamental Attribution Error......Page 464
11.8.3: Universal Dimensions of Social Cognition: Warmth and Competence......Page 465
11.8.4: Cross-Cultural Research on the Need for Positive Self-Regard......Page 466
11.9.1: Causes of Prejudice......Page 467
11.9.2: Combating Prejudice......Page 470
11.9.3: Stereotype Threat......Page 472
11.9.4: Implicit Racial Bias Influences Criminal Sentencing......Page 473
Psychology Matters: Is Social Pain Like Physical Pain?......Page 474
Key Question: How Do Systems Create Situations That Influence Behavior?......Page 475
11.10: The Stanford Prison Experiment......Page 476
11.10.2: How Did the Stanford Prison Experiment End Up?......Page 477
11.11: Chains of System Command......Page 478
11.11.2: Using Psychology to Understand the Abuses at Abu Ghraib......Page 479
11.12: Preventing Bullying by Systemic Changes and Reframing......Page 480
11.12.1: What Does Bullying Look Like Today?......Page 481
11.12.2: Effectively Preventing Bullying......Page 482
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 483
Critical Thinking Applied: Is Terrorism a "Senseless Act of Violence, Perpetrated by Crazy Fanatics"?......Page 484
Summary: Social Psychology......Page 486
12 Psychological Disorders......Page 489
CHAPTER PROBLEM: Is it possible to distinguish mental disorder from merely unusual behavior? That is, are there specific signs that clearly indicate mental disorder?......Page 490
Key Question: What Is Psychological Disorder?......Page 491
12.1.1: The Medical Model......Page 492
12.1.2: Psychological Models......Page 493
12.2: Indicators of Abnormality......Page 494
12.2.2: Gender Differences in Mental Disorders......Page 495
Psychology Matters: The Plea of Insanity: How Big Is the Problem?......Page 496
12.3: Overview of the DSM-5 Classification System......Page 497
12.4: Depressive Disorders......Page 498
Do It Yourself! A Depression Check......Page 499
12.4.4: Biological Basis of Major Depression......Page 500
12.4.5: Psychological Factors in Major Depression......Page 501
12.5: Bipolar Disorder......Page 502
12.6.2: Panic Disorder......Page 503
12.6.3: Phobias......Page 504
12.7: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 505
12.8.1: Illness Anxiety Disorder and Somatic Symptom Disorder......Page 506
12.9: Dissociative Disorders......Page 507
12.9.3: Dissociative Identity Disorder......Page 508
12.10: Schizophrenia......Page 509
12.10.2: Possible Causes of Schizophrenia......Page 510
12.11.1: Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 512
12.11.2: Dyslexia and Other Specific Learning Disorders......Page 513
12.12.1: An Alternative View from NIMH......Page 514
Psychology Matters: Shyness......Page 515
12.13: Diagnostic Labels, Labeling, and Depersonalization......Page 516
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 517
Critical Thinking Applied: Insane Places Revisited-Another Look at the Rosenhan Study......Page 518
Summary: Psychological Disorders......Page 519
13 Therapies for Psychological Disorders......Page 522
Key Question: What Is Therapy?......Page 523
13.1.2: What Are the Components of Therapy?......Page 524
13.2: Therapy in Historical and Cultural Context......Page 525
13.2.3: Disorder and Therapy in a Cultural Context......Page 526
Psychology Matters: Paraprofessionals Do Therapy, Too......Page 527
13.3: Insight Therapies......Page 528
13.3.1: Freudian Psychoanalysis......Page 529
13.3.2: Neo-Freudian Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 530
13.3.3: Humanistic Therapies......Page 531
13.3.4: Cognitive Therapies......Page 532
13.3.5: Group Therapies......Page 533
13.4: Behavior Therapies......Page 534
13.4.1: Classical Conditioning Therapies......Page 535
Do It Yourself! Behavior Self-Modification......Page 536
13.4.3: Participant Modeling: An Observational-Learning Therapy......Page 537
13.5.1: Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy......Page 538
13.5.2: Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)......Page 539
13.6: Evaluating the Psychological Therapies......Page 540
13.6.1: Eysenck's Controversial Proclamation......Page 541
Key Question: How Is the Biomedical Approach Used to Treat Psychological Disorders?......Page 542
13.7.2: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers......Page 543
13.7.4: Stimulants......Page 545
13.8.1: Psychosurgery......Page 546
13.8.2: Brain-Stimulation Therapies......Page 547
13.9.2: Meeting the Unmet Need for Mental Health Services......Page 548
Psychology Matters: What Sort of Therapy Would You Recommend?......Page 549
13.10: Schizophrenia: Psychological versus Medical Treatment......Page 550
13.12: "The Worried Well" and Other Problems: Not Everyone Needs Drugs......Page 551
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 552
Critical Thinking Applied: Evidence-Based Practice......Page 554
Summary: Therapies for Psychological Disorders......Page 557
14 From Stress to Health and Well-Being......Page 560
CHAPTER PROBLEM: Were the reactions and experiences of the 9/11 firefighters and others at the World Trade Center attacks typical of people in other stressful situations? And what factors explain individual differences in our physical and psychological r......Page 561
Key Question: What Causes Distress?......Page 563
14.1.1: Catastrophe......Page 564
14.1.2: Personal Loss......Page 566
14.1.3: Posttraumatic Stress......Page 568
14.2.1: Societal Stressors......Page 570
14.2.2: Burnout......Page 571
14.2.3: Compassion Fatigue......Page 572
14.2.5: Daily Hassles......Page 573
Psychology Matters: Student Stress......Page 574
Key Question: How Does Stress Affect Us Physically?......Page 575
14.3.2: The General Adaptation Syndrome......Page 576
14.3.3: Tend and Befriend......Page 579
14.4.2: Bi-directional Links Between the Brain and Body......Page 580
Psychology Matters: Cognitive Appraisal of Ambiguous Threats......Page 581
Key Question: Who Is Most Vulnerable to Stress?......Page 582
14.5: Type A Personality and Hostility......Page 583
14.6: Locus of Control......Page 584
14.6.3: Is Locus of Control Innate or Learned?......Page 585
14.7: Hardiness, Optimism, and Resilience......Page 586
14.7.2: Resilience......Page 587
Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology......Page 588
Key Question: How Can We Transform Negative Stress into Positive Life Strategies?......Page 589
14.8.2: Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping......Page 590
14.8.3: Cognitive Restructuring......Page 591
14.8.5: Finding Meaning......Page 592
14.8.6: Psychological Debriefing: Help or Hindrance?......Page 593
14.9.1: Social Support......Page 594
14.9.2: Nutrition and Diet......Page 595
14.9.4: The Power of Exercise: Enhancing Physical and Mental Health......Page 596
14.10: Putting It All Together: Developing Happiness and Subjective Well-Being......Page 598
Psychology Matters: Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology......Page 600
Critical Thinking Applied: Is Change Really Hazardous to Your Health?......Page 602
Summary: From Stress to Health and Well-Being......Page 603
A......Page 607
B......Page 608
C......Page 609
D......Page 611
E......Page 613
F......Page 614
H......Page 615
I......Page 616
L......Page 617
M......Page 618
N......Page 619
P......Page 620
R......Page 623
S......Page 624
T......Page 626
Z......Page 628
References......Page 629
Credits......Page 696
B......Page 702
C......Page 703
D......Page 704
G......Page 705
H......Page 706
K......Page 707
M......Page 708
P......Page 710
S......Page 711
W......Page 713
Z......Page 714
C......Page 715
E......Page 716
L......Page 717
P......Page 718
S......Page 719
T......Page 720
Z......Page 721