Psychology Themes and Variations

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology
	From Speculation to Science: How Psychology Developed
		A New Science Is Born
		The Battle of the " Schools" Begins: Structuralism versus Functionalism
		Watson Alters Psychology's Course as Behaviourism Makes Its Debut
		Freud Brings the Unconscious into the Picture
		Skinner Questions Free Will as Behaviourism Flourishes
		The Humanists Revolt
		Psychology in Canada
		Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession
		Cognition and Neuroscience in Psychology
		A Focus on Culture and Diversity
		Psychology Adapts: The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology
		Psychology Moves in a Positive Direction: The Positive Psychology Movement
		AN ILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY'S HISTORY
	Psychology Today: Vigorous and Diversified
		Research Areas in Psychology
		Professional Specialties in Psychology
	Putting It in Perspective: Seven Key Themes
		Themes Related to Psychology as a Field of Study
		Themes Related to Psychology's Subject Matter
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Improving Academic Performance
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Developing Critical Thinking Skills: An Introduction
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology
	The Scientific Approach to Behaviour
		Goals of the Scientific Enterprise
		Steps in a Scientific Investigation
		Advantages of the Scientific Approach
	Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
		Independent and Dependent Variables
		Experimental and Control Groups
		Extraneous Variables
		Variations in Designing Experiments
		Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research
	Looking for Links: Descriptive/Correlational Research
		Naturalistic Observation
		Case Studies
		Surveys
		Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive/ Correlational Research
	Looking for Conclusions: Statistics and Research
		Descriptive Statistics
		AN ILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW OF KEY RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY
	Looking for Flaws: Evaluating Research
		Sampling Bias
		Placebo Effects
		Distortions in Self- Report Data
		The Importance of Replication
		Experimenter Bias
	Looking at Ethics: Do the Ends Justify the Means?
		The Question of Animal Research
		Ethical Guidelines for Research in Psychology in Canada
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 1 and 7
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Finding and Reading Journal Articles
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION The Perils of Anecdotal Evidence: " I Have a Friend Who
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour
	The Anatomy of the Nervous System
		Glial Cells
		Neurons
		The Function of Neurons: Information Transmission
		Neurotransmitters and Behaviour
	Organization of the Nervous System
		The Peripheral Nervous System
		The Central Nervous System
	Looking Inside the Brain: Research Methods
		Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
	The Brain and Behaviour
		The Hindbrain
		The Midbrain
		The Forebrain
		The Limbic System: The Centre of Emotion
		The Plasticity of the Brain
	Right Brain/Left Brain: Cerebral Laterality
		Bisecting the Brain: Split- Brain Research
		Hemispheric Specialization in the Intact Brain
	The Endocrine System: Another Way to Communicate
	Heredity and Behaviour: Is It All in the Genes?
		Basic Principles of Genetics
		Investigating Hereditary Influence: Research Methods
		The Interplay of Heredity and Environment
		Epigenetics: The Interplay of Heredity and Environment
	The Evolutionary Bases of Behaviour
		Darwin's Insights
		Later Refinements to Evolutionary Theory
		Behaviours as Adaptive Traits
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 1, 4, and 6
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Evaluating the Concept of " Two Minds in One"
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Building Better Brains: The Perils of Extrapolation
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
	Psychophysics: Basic Concepts and Issues
		Thresholds: Looking for Limits
		Signal- Detection Theory
		Perception without Awareness
		Sensory Adaptation
	Our Sense of Sight: The Visual System
		The Stimulus: Light
		The Eye: A Living Optical Instrument
		The Retina: The Brain's Envoy in the Eye
		Vision and the Brain
		Vision for Perception and Vision for Action
		Viewing the World in Colour
	The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
		Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects
		Looking at the Whole Picture: Gestalt Principles
		Perceiving Depth or Distance
		Perceptual Constancies in Vision
		The Power of Misleading Cues: Visual Illusions
	Our Sense of Hearing: The Auditory System
		The Stimulus: Sound
		Human Hearing Capacities
		Sensory Processing in the Ear
		Auditory Perception: Theories of Hearing
		Auditory Localization: Perceiving Sources of Sound
	Our Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
		Taste: The Gustatory System
		Smell: The Olfactory System
	Our Sense of Touch: Sensory Systems in the Skin
		Feeling Pain
	Our Other Senses
		The Kinesthetic System
		The Vestibular System
		AN ILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW OF FIVE MAJOR SENSES
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 5, and 7
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Appreciating Art and Illusion
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Recognizing Contrast Effects: It's All Relative
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness
	The Nature of Consciousness
		Variations in Awareness and Control
		Consciousness and Brain Activity
	Biological Rhythms and Sleep
		The Role of Circadian Rhythms
		Ignoring Circadian Rhythms
		Realigning Circadian Rhythms
	The Sleep and Waking Cycle
		Cycling through the Stages of Sleep
		Repeating the Cycle
		Age Trends in Sleep
		Culture and Sleep
		The Neural and Evolutionary Bases of Sleep
		Doing Without: Sleep Deprivation
		Problems in the Night: Sleep Disorders
	The World of Dreams
		The Contents of Dreams
		Links between Dreams and Waking Life
		Culture and Dreams
		Theories of Dreaming
	Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?
		Hypnotic Induction and Susceptibility
		Theories of Hypnosis
	Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?
		Long-Term Benefits
	Altering Consciousness with Drugs
		Principal Abused Drugs and Their Effects
		Factors Influencing Drug Effects
		Mechanisms of Drug Action
		Drug Dependence
		Drugs and Health
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Addressing Practical Questions about Sleep and Dreams
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Is Alcoholism a Disease? The Power of Definitions
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 6: Learning
	Classical Conditioning
		Pavlov's Demonstration: " Psychic Reflexes"
		Terminology and Procedures
		Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
		Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
		Stimulus Generalization and the Mysterious Case of Little Albert
		Cognition and Classical Conditioning
		Evolutionary and Biological Effects on Conditioning
	Operant Conditioning
		Thorndike's Law of Effect
		Skinner's Demonstration: It's All a Matter of Consequences
		Terminology and Procedures
		Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning
		Reinforcement and Superstitious Behaviour
		Schedules of Reinforcement
		Positive Reinforcement versus Negative Reinforcement
		Punishment: Consequences That Weaken Responses
		Cognitive Processes in Conditioning: Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps
		Evolutionary and Biological Effects on Conditioning
	Observational Learning
		Basic Processes
		Observational Learning and the Media Violence Controversy
		Observational Learning and the Brain: Mirror Neurons
		AN ILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW OF THREE TYPES OF LEARNING
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 3 and 6
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Achieving Self- Control through Behaviour Modification
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Manipulating Emotions: Pavlov and Persuasion
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 7: Human Memory
	Encoding: Getting Information into Memory
		The Role of Attention
		Levels of Processing
		Enriching Encoding
	Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory
		Sensory Memory
		Short-Term Memory
		Long-Term Memory
		How Is Knowledge Represented and Organized in Memory?
	Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory
		Using Cues to Aid Retrieval
		Reinstating the Context of an Event
		Reconstructing Memories
		Source Monitoring
	Forgetting: When Memory Lapses
		How Quickly We Forget: Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve
		Measures of Forgetting
		Why We Forget
		The Repressed Memories Controversy
		Seven Sins of Memory: How Memory Goes Wrong
	In Search of the Memory Trace: The Physiology of Memory
		The Neural Circuitry of Memory
		The Anatomy of Memory
	Systems and Types of Memory
		Implicit versus Explicit Memory
		Declarative versus Nondeclarative Memory
		Semantic versus Episodic Memory
		Prospective versus Retrospective Memory
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 4, and 7
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Improving Everyday Memory
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Understanding the Fallibility of Eyewitness Accounts
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 8: Language and Thought
	Language: Turning Thoughts into Words
		What Is Language?
			The Structure of Language
			Milestones in Language Development
			Learning More than One Language: Bilingualism
			Can Animals Develop Language?
			Language in an Evolutionary Context
			Theories of Language Acquisition
			Culture, Language, and Thought
		Problem Solving: In Search of Solutions
			Types of Problems
			Barriers to Effective Problem Solving
			Approaches to Problem Solving
			Culture, Cognitive Style, and Problem Solving
	Decision Making: Choices and Chances
		Making Choices about Preferences
			Taking Chances: Factors Weighed in Risky Decisions
			Heuristics in Judging Probabilities
		The Tendency to Ignore Base Rates
		The Conjunction Fallacy
		The Sunk Costs Fallacy
		Behavioural Economics
		Evolutionary Analyses of Fast and Frugal Heuristics
		Thinking Fast and Thinking Slow: Two Systems of Thought
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 1, 5, 6, and 7
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Pitfalls in Reasoning about Decisions
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATIONShaping Thought with Language: "Only a Naïve Moron Would Believe That"
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 9: Intelligence and Psychological Testing
	Key Concepts in Psychological Testing
		Standardization and Norms
		Reliability
		Validity
	The Evolution of Intelligence Testing and Our Understanding of the Construct of Intelligence
		Origins of Modern Intelligence Testing
		The Debate about the Structure of Intelligence
		Broadening the Concept of Intelligence
	Basic Issues in Intelligence Testing
		What Do Modern IQ Scores Mean?
		Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Reliability?
		Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Validity?
		Do Intelligence Tests Predict Vocational Success?
		Are IQ Tests Widely Used in Other Cultures?
	Extremes of Intelligence
		Intellectual Disability
		Giftedness
	Heredity and Environment as Determinants of Intelligence
		Evidence for Hereditary Influence
		Evidence for Environmental Influence
		The Interaction of Heredity and Environment
		Cultural Differences in IQ Scores
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 3, 5, and 6
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Creativity
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATIONThe Intelligence Debate, Appeals to Ignorance, and Reification
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
	Motivational Theories and Concepts
		Drive Theories
		Incentive Theories
		Evolutionary Theories
	The Motivation of Hunger and Eating
		Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
		Environmental Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
		Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity
	Sexual Motivation and Behaviour
		The Human Sexual Response
		Evolutionary Analyses of Human Sexual Behaviour
		The Mystery of Sexual Orientation
	The Need to Belong: Affiliation Motivation
		Ostracism and the Fear of Rejection
	Achievement: In Search of Excellence
		Individual Differences in the Need for Achievement
		Situational Determinants of Achievement Behaviour
	The Elements of Emotional Experience
		The Cognitive Component: Subjective Feelings
		The Physiological Component: Diffuse and Multifaceted
		The Behavioural Component: Nonverbal Expressiveness
		Culture and the Elements of Emotion
	Theories of Emotion
		James– Lange Theory
		Cannon– Bard Theory
		Schachter's Two- Factor Theory
		Evolutionary Theories of Emotion
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Exploring the Ingredients of Happiness
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Analyzing Arguments: Making Sense Out of Controversy
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 11: Human Development across the Life Span
	Progress before Birth: Prenatal Development
		The Course of Prenatal Development
		Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development
	The Wondrous Years of Childhood
		Exploring the World: Motor Development
		Easy and Difficult Babies: Differences in Temperament
		Early Emotional Development: Attachment
		Personality Development in Childhood
		The Growth of Thought: Cognitive Development
		The Development of Moral Reasoning
	The Transition of Adolescence
		Physiological Changes
		Neural Development: The Teen Brain
		Time of Turmoil?
		The Search for Identity
		Emerging Adulthood as a New Developmental Stage
	The Expanse of Adulthood
		Personality Development
		Transitions in Family Life
		Aging and Neural Changes
		Aging and Cognitive Changes
		Death and Dying
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
		AN ILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Gender Differences
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Are Fathers Essential to Children's Well- Being?
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 12: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment
	The Nature of Personality
		Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness
		Personality Traits: Dispositions and Dimensions
		The Five- Factor Model of Personality Traits
	Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
		Jung's Analytical Psychology
		Adler's Individual Psychology
		Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
	Behavioural Perspectives
		Skinner's Ideas Applied to Personality
		Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
		Mischel and the Person– Situation Controversy
		Evaluating Behavioural Perspectives
	Humanistic Perspectives
		Rogers's Person- Centred Theory
		Maslow's Theory of Self- Actualization
		Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
	Biological Perspectives
		Eysenck's Theory
		Behavioural Genetics and Personality
		The Neuroscience of Personality
		The Evolutionary Approach to Personality
		Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		FOUR VIEWS OF PERSONALITY: ANILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW OF MAJOR THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
	Contemporary Empirical Approaches to Personality
		Narcissism
		The Dark Triad
	Culture and Personality
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2, 3, and 5
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Personality Assessment
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Hindsight in Everyday Analyses of Personality
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 13: Social Behaviour
	Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Others
		Effects of Physical Appearance
		Cognitive Schemas
		Stereotypes
		Subjectivity and Bias in Person Perception
		An Evolutionary Perspective on Bias in Person Perception
	Attribution Processes: Explaining Behaviour
		Internal versus External Attributions
		Attributions for Success and Failure
		Bias in Attribution
		Culture and Attributions
	Interpersonal Attraction: Liking and Loving
		Key Factors in Attraction
		Perspectives on the Mystery of Love
		Culture and Close Relationships
		The Internet and Close Relationships
		An Evolutionary Perspective on Attraction
	Attitudes: Making Social Judgments
		Components and Dimensions of Attitudes
		Implicit Attitudes: Looking Beneath the Surface
		Trying to Change Attitudes: Factors in Persuasion
		Theories of Attitude Formation and Change
	Conformity and Obedience: Yielding to Others
		Conformity
		Obedience
		Cultural Variations in Conformity and Obedience
		The Power of the Situation: The Stanford Prison Simulation
	Behaviour in Groups: Joining with Others
		Behaviour Alone and in Groups: The Case of the Bystander Effect
		Group Productivity and Social Loafing
		Decision Making in Groups
	Social Neuroscience
		A Neuroscience Perspective on Social Psychology
		Topics in Social Neuroscience
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 1, 5, and 7
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Prejudice
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATIONWhom Can You Trust? Analyzing Credibility and Social Influence Tactics
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 14: Stress, Coping, and Health
	The Nature of Stress
		Stress as an Everyday Event
		Appraisal: Stress Lies in the Eye of the Beholder
	Major Types of Stress
		Frustration
		Internal Conflict
		Change
		Pressure
	Responding to Stress
		Emotional Responses
		Physiological Responses
		Behavioural Responses
	The Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning
		Burnout
		Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
	The Effects of Stress on Physical Health
		Personality, Hostility, and Heart Disease
		Emotional Reactions, Depression, and Heart Disease
		Stress, Other Diseases, and Immune Functioning
		Sizing Up the Link between Stress and Illness
	Factors Moderating the Impact of Stress
		Social Support
		Optimism, Conscientiousness, and Hardiness
		Positive Effects of Stress
	Health- Compromising Behaviour
		Smoking
		Lack of Exercise
		Alcohol and Drug Use
		Risky Sexual Behaviour
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 4 and 7
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Improving Coping and Stress Management
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Thinking Rationally about Health Statistics and Decisions
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
	Abnormal Behaviour: Myths, Realities, and Controversies
		The Medical Model Applied to Abnormal Behaviour
		Criteria of Abnormal Behaviour
		Stereotypes of Psychological Disorders
		Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders
		The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
	Anxiety, Obsessive- Compulsive, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders
		Anxiety Disorders
		Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder
		Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD)
		Etiology of Anxiety and Anxiety- Related Disorders
	Dissociative Disorders
		Description
		Etiology of Dissociative Disorders
	Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
		Major Depressive Disorder
		Bipolar Disorder
		Diversity in Mood Disorders
		Mood Disorders and Suicide
		Etiology of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
	Schizophrenia
		General Symptoms
		Etiology of Schizophrenia
		AN ILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW OF THREECATEGORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
	Personality Disorders
		Antisocial, Borderline, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
		Etiology of Personality Disorders
	Neurodevelopmental Disorders
		Autism Spectrum Disorder
	Psychological Disorders and the Law
		Insanity
	Culture, Pathology, and Trauma
		Are Equivalent Disorders Found Around the World?
		Are Symptom Patterns Culturally Invariant?
		Intergenerational Trauma
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 3, 4, 5, and 6
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Understanding Eating Disorders
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATIONWorking with Probabilities in Thinking about Mental Illness
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions
Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
	The Elements of the Treatment Process
		Treatments: How Many Types Are There?
		Clients: Who Seeks Therapy?
		Therapists: Who Provides Professional Treatment?
	Insight Therapies
		Psychoanalysis
		Therapies Inspired by Positive Psychology
		Group Therapy
		Couples and Family Therapy
		How Effective Are Insight Therapies?
		How Do Insight Therapies Work?
	Behaviour Therapies
		Systematic Desensitization
		Aversion Therapy
		Social Skills Training
		Cognitive- Behavioural Therapies
		How Effective Are Behaviour Therapies?
	Biomedical Therapies
		Treatment with Drugs
		Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
		New Brain Stimulation Techniques
	Current Trends and Issues in Treatment
		Increasing Multicultural Sensitivity in Treatment
		AN ILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW OF FIVE MAJOR APPROACHES TO TREATMENT
		Using Technology to Expand the Delivery of Clinical Services
	Institutional Treatment in Transition
		Disenchantment with Mental Hospitals
		Deinstitutionalization
	Mental Illness, the Revolving Door, and Homelessness
	Putting It in Perspective: Themes 2 and 5
		PERSONAL APPLICATION Looking for a Therapist
		CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION From Crisis to Wellness— But Was It the Therapy?
	Concept Chart
	Key Terms
	Multiple- Choice Questions