Psychology PSY1011/PSY1022: A Custom Edition

Psychology PSY1011 and PSY1022: 2nd Edition
......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Brief contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
A NOTE ABOUT THE CONTENTS OF THIS CUSTOM BOOK......Page 10
PART ONE: PSY1011......Page 12
Chapter 1: Science and pseudoscience in psychology: SKILLS FOR THINKING SCIENTIFICALLY IN EVERYDAY LIFE......Page 13
What is psychology? Science versus intuition......Page 15
What makes psychology distinctive-and fascinating......Page 16
Why we can't always trust our commonsense......Page 17
Psychology as a science......Page 18
psychomythology: WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC THEORY?......Page 19
The boundaries of science......Page 21
The amazing growth of popular psychology......Page 22
What is pseudoscience?......Page 23
from inquiry to understanding: WHY DO WE PERCEIVE PATTERNS EVEN WHEN THEY DON'T EXIST?......Page 26
The dangers of pseudoscience: why should we care?......Page 29
Scientific scepticism......Page 30
A basic framework for scientific thinking......Page 31
evaluating CLAIMS: HEALTH BENEFITS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES......Page 35
Psychology's past and present: what a long, strange trip it's been......Page 37
The great theoretical frameworks of psychology......Page 38
The multifaceted world of modern psychology......Page 43
Great debates of psychology......Page 45
How psychology affects our lives......Page 47
Psychology and psychologists in Australia......Page 48
Your complete review system......Page 51
Chapter 2: Research methods: SAFEGUARDS AGAINST ERROR......Page 57
Why we need research designs......Page 60
How we can be fooled: two modes of thinking......Page 61
The scientific method: toolbox of skills......Page 63
Naturalistic observation: studying humans 'in the wild'......Page 64
Case study designs: getting to know you......Page 65
Correlational design......Page 66
Experimental design......Page 71
from inquiry to understanding: HOW DO PLACEBOS WORK?......Page 74
psychomythology: LABORATORY RESEARCH DOES NOT APPLY TO THE REAL WORLD, RIGHT?......Page 80
Ethical guidelines for human research......Page 82
Ethical issues in animal research......Page 84
Statistics: the language of psychological research......Page 85
Descriptive statistics: what is what?......Page 86
Inferential statistics: testing hypotheses......Page 87
How people lie with statistics......Page 88
Becoming a peer reviewer of psychological research......Page 90
Becoming peer-reviewed: the importance of being published......Page 91
Most reporters are not scientists: evaluating psychology in the media......Page 92
Your complete review system......Page 94
evaluating CLAIMS: HAIR-LOSS REMEDIES......Page 93
Chapter 14: Cross-cultural psychology: HOW CULTURE AFFECTS US......Page 99
What is culture and how does it influence behaviour?......Page 101
Definitions of culture......Page 102
What is cross-cultural psychology and how does it operate?......Page 106
Theoretical issues......Page 107
Methodology in cross-cultural psychology......Page 108
Safeguards......Page 109
Emotion......Page 111
Personality......Page 113
Why people move from one place to another......Page 114
Cultural syndromes......Page 115
Models of acculturation......Page 117
Changing concepts of acculturation......Page 118
Multiculturalism and prejudice......Page 122
Multicultural societies......Page 123
Identity......Page 124
Psychological services......Page 125
Prejudice......Page 126
from inquiry to understanding: WHERE DO PREJUDICIAL IDEAS COME FROM?......Page 127
Early research......Page 129
A new focus......Page 130
An Indigenous psychology......Page 132
Your complete review system......Page 136
Chapter 3: Biological psychology: THE BRAIN-BODY COMMUNICATION SUPERHIGHWAY......Page 141
Neurons: the brain's communicators......Page 143
Glial cells: supporting roles......Page 144
Electrical responses of neurons......Page 146
Chemical neurotransmission......Page 147
Neural plasticity: how and when the brain changes......Page 150
The brain-behaviour network......Page 152
The central nervous system......Page 153
from inquiry to understanding: HOW DO WE RECOGNISE FACES?......Page 156
The peripheral nervous system......Page 161
The pituitary gland and pituitary hormones......Page 162
Sexual reproductive glands and sex hormones......Page 163
A tour of brain-mapping methods......Page 164
Which parts of our brain do we use for what?......Page 168
Which side of our brain do we use for what?......Page 169
psychomythology: LEFT-BRAINED VERSUS RIGHT-BRAINED PEOPLE......Page 170
How we came to be who we are......Page 171
Behavioural genetics: how we study heritability......Page 173
Your complete review system......Page 176
Chapter 4: Sensation and perception: HOW WE SENSE AND CONCEPTUALISE THE WORLD......Page 183
Two sides of the coin: sensation and perception......Page 185
Sensation: our senses as detectives......Page 186
The role of attention......Page 188
The binding problem: putting the pieces together......Page 189
from inquiry to understanding: HOW DOES MAGIC WORK?......Page 190
Light: the energy of life......Page 191
The eye: how we represent the visual realm......Page 192
When we cannot see or perceive visually......Page 196
psychomythology: DELBOEUF'S ILLUSION AND THE DENTIST'S DRILL......Page 198
Sound: mechanical vibration......Page 199
The structure and function of the ear......Page 200
Auditory perception......Page 201
Smell and taste: the sensual senses......Page 202
Sense receptors for smell and taste......Page 203
Olfactory and gustatory perception......Page 204
When we cannot smell or taste......Page 205
The somatosensory system: touch and pain......Page 206
Proprioception and vestibular sense: body position and balance......Page 208
Ergonomics: human engineering......Page 209
Parallel processing: the way our brain multitasks......Page 210
Perceptual hypotheses: guessing what is out there......Page 211
When perception deceives us......Page 215
Subliminal persuasion......Page 217
What is ESP?......Page 218
Scientific evidence for ESP......Page 219
Why people believe in ESP......Page 221
Tricks of the psychics......Page 222
Your complete review system......Page 224
Chapter 6: Learning: HOW NURTURE CHANGES US......Page 231
Classical conditioning......Page 234
The classical conditioning phenomenon......Page 235
Principles of classical conditioning......Page 236
Higher-order conditioning......Page 237
Applications of classical conditioning to daily life......Page 238
psychomythology: ARE WE WHAT WE EAT?......Page 240
Operant conditioning......Page 241
The law of effect......Page 242
Terminology of operant conditioning......Page 243
Schedules of reinforcement......Page 247
Applications of operant conditioning......Page 249
from inquiry to understanding: WHY ARE WE SUPERSTITIOUS?......Page 250
Putting classical and operant conditioning together......Page 252
Cognitive models of learning......Page 253
Latent learning......Page 254
Observational learning......Page 255
Insight learning......Page 258
Conditioned taste aversions......Page 259
Preparedness and phobias......Page 260
Sleep-assisted learning......Page 262
Accelerated learning......Page 263
Learning styles......Page 264
Your complete review system......Page 266
Chapter 10: Human development: HOW AND WHY WE CHANGE......Page 273
Keeping an eye on cohort effects......Page 276
The influence of early experience......Page 277
Clarifying the nature-nurture debate......Page 278
Conception and prenatal development: from zygote to baby......Page 280
Infant motor development: how babies get going......Page 282
Growth and physical development throughout childhood......Page 283
Physical maturation in adolescence: the power of puberty......Page 284
Physical development in adulthood......Page 285
evaluating CLAIMS: ANTI-AGEING TREATMENTS......Page 286
Theories of cognitive development......Page 287
Cognitive landmarks of early development......Page 292
from inquiry to understanding: WHY IS SCIENCE DIFFICULT?......Page 293
psychomythology: THE MOZART EFFECT, BABY EINSTEIN AND CREATING 'SUPERBABIES'......Page 294
Cognitive changes in adolescence......Page 296
The developing personality: social and moral development......Page 298
Social development in infancy and childhood......Page 299
Social and emotional development in adolescence......Page 308
Life transitions in adulthood......Page 312
Social transitions in later years......Page 314
Your complete review system......Page 316
Chapter 15: Personality: WHO WE ARE......Page 325
Personality: what is it and how can we study it?......Page 327
The causes of personality differences: how we come to be......Page 328
from inquiry to understanding: WHERE IS THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON PERSONALITY?......Page 331
Psychoanalytic theory: the foundation of Freud's thinking......Page 332
Core assumptions of psychoanalytic theory......Page 333
The structure of personality: the id, the ego and the superego......Page 335
Anxiety and the defence mechanisms......Page 336
Freud's theory of personality development......Page 338
Psychoanalytic theory evaluated scientifically......Page 339
Freud's followers: the neo-Freudians......Page 340
Behavioural and social learning theories of personality......Page 342
Social learning theories of personality: the causal role of thinking resurrected......Page 343
Rogers and Maslow: self-actualisation realised and unrealised......Page 346
Humanistic models evaluated scientifically......Page 347
The Big Five model of personality: the geography of the psyche......Page 348
Cultural influences on personality......Page 350
Can personality traits change?......Page 351
Trait models evaluated scientifically......Page 352
Personality assessment: measuring and mis-measuring the psyche......Page 353
Famous-and infamous-errors in personality assessment......Page 354
Structured personality tests......Page 355
Projective tests......Page 357
Common pitfalls in personality assessment......Page 360
psychomythology: CRIMINAL PROFILING......Page 361
evaluating CLAIMS: ONLINE PERSONALITY TESTS......Page 363
Your complete review system......Page 365
PART TWO: PSY1022......Page 374
Chapter 7: Memory: CONSTRUCTING AND RECONSTRUCTING OUR PASTS......Page 375
How memory operates......Page 377
The paradox of memory......Page 378
The fallibility of memory......Page 379
Three systems of memory......Page 380
Encoding: the 'call numbers' of the mind......Page 390
psychomythology: SMART PILLS......Page 392
Storage: filing our memories away......Page 393
Retrieval: heading for the 'stacks'......Page 395
The neural basis of memory storage......Page 400
Where is memory stored?
......Page 401
The biology of memory deterioration......Page 403
Infants' implicit memory: talking with their feet......Page 405
from inquiry to understanding: WHY CAN'T WE REMEMBER THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF OUR LIVES?......Page 406
False memories......Page 407
Implanting false memories in the lab......Page 409
Generalising from lab to real world......Page 411
Suggestibility and child testimony......Page 412
Learning tips: getting the science of memory to work for us......Page 413
Your complete review system......Page 415
Chapter 13: Social psychology: HOW OTHERS AFFECT US......Page 423
What is social psychology?......Page 425
Humans as a social species......Page 426
from inquiry to understanding: WHY ARE YAWNS CONTAGIOUS?......Page 428
The great lesson of social psychology: the fundamental attribution error......Page 429
Conformity: the Asch paradigm......Page 430
Deindividuation: losing our typical identities......Page 432
Groupthink......Page 435
Obedience: the psychology of following orders......Page 437
Helping and harming others: prosocial behaviour and aggression......Page 442
Safety in numbers or danger in numbers? Bystander non-intervention......Page 443
psychomythology: IS BRAINSTORMING IN GROUPS A GOOD WAY TO GENERATE IDEAS?......Page 444
Prosocial behaviour and altruism......Page 445
Aggression: why we hurt others......Page 447
Attitudes and behaviour......Page 450
Origins of attitudes......Page 451
Attitude change: wait, wait, I just changed my mind......Page 452
Persuasion: humans as salespeople......Page 453
Prejudice and discrimination......Page 457
The nature of prejudice......Page 458
Discrimination......Page 459
Stereotypes......Page 460
Roots of prejudice: a tangled web......Page 461
Prejudice behind the scenes......Page 462
Combating prejudice: some remedies......Page 463
Your complete review system......Page 466
Chapter 16: Psychological disorders: WHEN ADAPTATION BREAKS DOWN......Page 475
Concepts of mental illness: yesterday and today......Page 477
What is mental illness? A deceptively complex question......Page 478
Historical concepts of mental illness: from demons to asylums......Page 479
Psychiatric diagnosis across cultures......Page 480
Special considerations in psychiatric classification and diagnosis......Page 482
Psychiatric diagnosis today: the DSM-5......Page 484
evaluating CLAIMS: ONLINE TESTS FOR MENTAL DISORDERS......Page 486
psychomythology: THE INSANITY DEFENCE: FREE WILL VERSUS DETERMINISM......Page 487
Anxiety disorders: the many faces of worry and fear......Page 489
Panic disorder: terror that comes out of the blue......Page 490
Phobias: irrational fears......Page 491
Posttraumatic stress disorder: the enduring effects of experiencing horror......Page 492
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: trapped in one's thoughts and behaviours......Page 493
from inquiry to understanding: MORE THAN A PACK RAT: WHY DO PEOPLE HOARD?......Page 494
The roots of pathological anxiety, fear, and repetitive thoughts and behaviours......Page 495
Major depressive disorder: common, but not the common cold......Page 496
Explanations for major depressive disorder: a tangled web......Page 497
Bipolar disorder: when mood goes to extremes......Page 501
Suicide: facts and fiction......Page 502
Personality and dissociative disorders: the disrupted and divided self......Page 503
Personality disorders......Page 504
Dissociative disorders......Page 506
Symptoms of schizophrenia: the shattered mind......Page 509
Explanations for schizophrenia: the roots of a shattered mind......Page 511
Autism spectrum disorders......Page 514
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early-onset bipolar disorder......Page 516
Your complete review system......Page 518
Chapter 17: Psychological and biological treatments: HELPING PEOPLE TO CHANGE......Page 531
Who seeks and benefits from treatment?......Page 533
Who practises psychotherapy?......Page 534
What does it take to be an effective psychotherapist?......Page 535
Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies: Freud's legacy......Page 537
Humanistic therapies: achieving our potential......Page 540
Group therapies: the more, the merrier......Page 542
Alcoholics Anonymous......Page 543
Family therapies: treating the dysfunctional family system......Page 544
Systematic desensitisation and exposure therapies: learning principles in action......Page 545
Modelling in therapy: learning by watching......Page 548
Operant and classical conditioning procedures......Page 549
Cognitive-behavioural and third wave therapies: learning to think differently......Page 550
The trend towards eclecticism and integration......Page 553
Is psychotherapy effective?......Page 554
How different groups of people respond to psychotherapy......Page 555
Common factors......Page 556
from inquiry to understanding: WHY CAN INEFFECTIVE THERAPIES APPEAR TO BE HELPFUL? HOW WE CAN BE FOOLED......Page 557
Empirically supported treatments......Page 558
Evidence-based psychological practice......Page 559
psychomythology: ARE SELF-HELP BOOKS ALWAYS HELPFUL?......Page 560
Pharmacotherapy: targeting brain chemistry......Page 561
Electrical stimulation: conceptions and misconceptions......Page 565
Psychosurgery: an absolute last resort......Page 566
Your complete review system......Page 568
Glossary......Page 578
Name index......Page 589
Subject Index......Page 601