Psychology: Perspectives & Connections

Title
Contents
1 Introduction to Psychology
	What Is Psychology?
		Psychology Defined
			Why Should You Study Psychology?
				Subdisciplines of Psychology
					Psychology in the Real World: Why Psychology Is Important t to My Life
					The Origins of Psychology
						A Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology
						A Brief History of Scientific Psychology
					Ways of Thinking About Mind, Body, and Experience
						The Nature–Nurture Debate
						Mind–Body Dualism
						The Evolution of Human Behavior
					No One Perspective Tells the Whole Story in Psychology
						Don’t Believe Everything You Think
						Connections Within and Between Chapters
					Research to Real Life
					Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychology
					Chapter Review
2 Conducting Research in Psychology
	The Nature of Science
		Common Sense and Logic
			The Limits of Observation
			What Is Science?
		Research to Real Life
			The Scientific Method
	Research Process: The Scientific Method
		What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience
	Research Methods in Psychology
		Principles of Research Design
			Descriptive Studies
			Correlational Studies
			Experimental Studies
	Breaking New Ground: Robert Rosenthal and the Discovery of Experimenter Bias
		Meta-Analysis
	Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research
		Self-Report Measures
			Behavioral Measures
			Physiological Measures
	Making Sense of Data With Statistics
		Descriptive Statistics
			Inferential Statistics
	Psychology in the Real World: Beware of Statistics in Advertising
	Research Ethics
		Ethical Research With Humans
			Ethical Research With Animals
	Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychological Research
	Chapter Review
3 The Biology of Behavior
	Genes and Behavior
		The Complex Connection Between Genes and Behavior
			Polygenic Influence on Behavior
			Genes and the Environment
			Epigenetics: How the Environment Changes Gene Expression
	The Nervous System
		Organization of the Nervous System
			The Cells of the Nervous System: Glial Cells and Neurons
			Common Neurotransmitters
	Research to Real Life
		Summary of the Steps in Neural Transmission
			The Brain
				Evolution of the Human Brain
					Overview of Brain Regions
				Psychology in the Real World: Brain–Computer and Brain–Machine Interfaces
					Brain Plasticity and Neurogenesis
				Breaking New Ground: Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain
				Measuring the Brain
					Electroencephalography
					Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI (fMRI)
					Positron Emission Tomography
				Research Process: Distinct Brain Regions Are Involved in Imagining and Perceiving Faces and Places
				The Endocrine System
				Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in the Biology of Behavior
				Chapter Review
4 Sensing and Perceiving Our d World
	The Long Strange Trip From Sensation to Perception
		Basic Sensory Processes
			Principles of Perception
		Vision
			Sensing Visual Stimuli
		Breaking New Ground: Discovery of the “Halle Berry Neuron”
			Perceiving Visual Stimuli
			Organizing Visual Information: Gestalt Laws of Grouping
		Research to Real Life
		Hearing
			The Physics of Sound and the Psychology of Hearing
			The Ear
			Hearing in the Brain
		Psychology in the Real World: Hearing Loss in the Age of the iPod
		The Bodily Senses
			Touch
			Pain
		The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
	Smell (Olfaction)
	Taste
	Synesthesia
	Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Sensation and Perception
	Research Process: How Culture Aff ects Perception of Foreground–Background
	Chapter Review
5 Human Development
	The Developing Fetus
		Stages of Prenatal Development
			Brain and Sensory Development Before Birth
			Environmental Influences on Fetal Development
			Prenatal Personality Development
	The Developing Infant and Child
		Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
	Psychology in the Real World: Musical Training Changes the Brain
		Early Cognitive Development
	Research Process: The Development of Object Permanence
		Development of Moral Reasoning
			Personality Development During Infancy
			Early Socioemotional Development
	Breaking New Ground: Harlow’s Discovery of the Importance of Physical Contact for Well-Being
	The Developing Adolescent
		Physical Development in Adolescence
			Cognitive and Brain Development in Adolescence
			Social Development in Adolescence
	The Developing Adult
		Early Adulthood
	Research to Real Life
		Middle Adulthood
			Late Adulthood
			Death and Dying
	Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Human Development
	Chapter Review
6 Consciousness
	What Is Consciousness?
		Two Dimensions of Consciousness: Wakefulness and Awareness
			Minimal Consciousness
			Moderate Consciousness
			Full Consciousness
		Attention: Focusing Consciousness
			Selective Attention
			Sustained Attention
			Multitasking: The Implications of Shifting Attention
		Psychology in the Real World: Hazards of Using a Cell Phone or Texting While Driving
		Training Consciousness: Meditation
			Meditation and Conscious Experience
			Meditation Training and the Brain
		Research Process: How Concentration Meditation Aff ects Attention
		Sleeping and Dreaming
			Sleeping
		Breaking New Ground: The Discovery of REM Sleep
		Research to Real Life
			Dreaming
		Hypnosis
		Altering Consciousness With Drugs
			Depressants
			Stimulants
			Hallucinogens
		Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Consciousness
		Chapter Review
7 Memory
	Three Types of Memory
		Research Process: A Case Study of Memory Without Recollection 271
			Sensory Memory
			Short-Term or Working Memory
			Long-Term Memory
		The Biological Basis of Memory
	The Sensory Cortexes
	Pathways of Short-Term Memory in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex
	Long-Term Memory Storage in the Cortex
	Emotion, Memory, and the Brain
	Research to Real Life
	Breaking New Ground: Kandel’s Discoveries of Memory and the Brain
	Psychology in the Real World: Memory in a Pill
	Forgetting and Memory Loss
		Forms of Forgetting
			Memory Loss Caused by Brain Injury and Disease
	Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Memory
	Chapter Review
8 Learning
	Basic Processes of Learning
		Habituation and the Orienting Response
			Association
	Conditioning Models of Learning
		Classical Conditioning
			Operant Conditioning
	Research to Real Life
		Challenges to Conditioning Models of Learning
	Psychology in the Real World: Sleep Facilitates Learning
	Social Learning Theory
	Breaking New Ground: Albert Bandura’s Discovery of a Career and Social–Cognitive Learning
	The Interaction of Nature and Nurture in Learning
		Imprinting
			Imitation, Mirror Neurons, and Learning
			Synaptic Change During Learning
	Research Process: The Discovery of Mirror Neurons
		Experience, Enrichment, and Brain Growth
	Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Learning
	Chapter Review
9 Language and Thought
	Language
		The Nature of Language
			The Evolution of Language in Humans
			Language Development in Individuals
			Theories of Language Acquisition
			Can Other Species Learn Human Language?
			Language, Culture, and Thought
		Research Process: Language and Color Discrimination
		Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making
			How Do We Represent Thoughts in Our Minds?
			How Do We Reason About Evidence?
		Research to Real Life
			Critical Thinking
		Psychology in the Real World: Applying Critical Thinking Beyond the Classroom
			How Do We Make Judgments and Decisions?
		Breaking New Ground: Nonrational Decision Making
		Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Language and Thought
		Chapter Review
10 Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity
	Intelligence
		Defining Intelligence
			Theories of Intelligence
			Breaking New Ground: The Origin of Robert Sternberg’s Theory of Successful Intelligence
				Measuring Intelligence
			Psychology in the Real World: Bringing Multiple Intelligences to School
			Research to Real Life
				Extremes of Intelligence
				The Nature and Nurture of Human Intelligence
				Group Differences in Intelligence Scores
				Non-Western Views of Intelligence
			Problem Solving
				Types of Problems
		Solution Strategies
		Obstacles to Solutions
	Creativity
		What Is Creativity?
			Stages of Creative Problem Solving
			Genius, Intelligence, and Creativity
			Creativity and the Brain
			Cognitive Processes in Creative Thinking
	Research Process: Balanced Brain Activity in Creative People
		The Creative Personality
	Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity
	Chapter Review
11 Motivation and Emotion
	Motivation
		Models of Motivation
			Hunger: Survival of the Individual
		Psychology in the Real World: Why Dieting Does Not Work— And What Does
			Sex: Survival of the Species
		Research Process: Gender and Casual Sex
			The Needs to Belong and to Excel
				Motivation in the Workplace
		Emotion
			Defining Emotion
				Emotion as a Process
		Research to Real Life
		Breaking New Ground: Paul Ekman and Universality in Facial Expression of Emotion
			Emotion and the Brain
				How Culture Impacts Emotion Expression
				Gender and Emotion
				Emotional Intelligence
		Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Motivation and Emotion
		Chapter Review
12 Stress and Health
	Stress
		Stress as Stimulus or Response
			The Physiology of Stress
			Coping
				Coping Strategies
			Research to Real Life
				The Positive Psychology of Coping
			Psychology in the Real World: Effects of Chronic Stress on Aging
			How Stress and Coping Aff ect Health
				Psychological Processes and the Immune System
			Breaking New Ground: Linking the Nervous System and the Immune System
				The Birth of Psychoneuroimmunology
				Psychological Risk Factors for Heart Disease
				Research on Health-Relevant Behavior
			Research Process: Eff ects of Exercise on the Brain
			Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Stress and Health
			Chapter Review
13 Personality: The Uniqueness of the e Individual
	Defining Personality
		The Nature and Nurture of Personality
			The Evolution of Personality Traits
				Genetics and Personality
				Temperament and the Fetal Environment
				Personality and Culture: Universality and Differences
			How Do Theorists Explain Personality?
				Psychoanalytic Theories
			Research to Real Life
				Humanistic–Positive Psychological Theories
				Social–Cognitive Learning Theories
				Trait Theories
				Biological Theories
			Breaking New Ground: The Question of Animal Personality
			How Is Personality Measured?
				Behavioral Observation
					Interviewing
					Projective Tests
					Personality Questionnaires
			Psychology in the Real World: Personality and Career Interest and Job Performance
			Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Personality
			Research Process: Personality Change After Alzheimer’s Disease
			Chapter Review
14 Social Behavior
	Group Living and Social Influence
		Conformity
			Minority Social Influence
				Obedience
		Social Perception
			Attribution
				Detecting Deception
				Schemas
				Stereotypes
				Exclusion and Inclusion
		Psychology in the Real World: The Social Psychology of Social Networks
			Prejudice and Discrimination
		Breaking New Ground: Discovering a Way to Measure Implicit Bias
		Research to Real Life
		Attitudes and Behavior
			The Nature and Nurture of Attitudes
				Attitude Change
		Social Relations
			The Nature and Nurture of Aggression
				Prosocial Behavior
		Research Process: Feeling Another’s Pain
			Liking, Attraction, and Love
		Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Social Behavior
		Chapter Review
15 Psychological Disorders
	Defining Psychological Disorders
		Anxiety Disorders
			Generalized Anxiety Disorder
				Panic Disorder With or Without Agoraphobia
				Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
				Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)
				Specific Phobias
				Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
				Nature and Nurture Explanations of Anxiety Disorders
			Psychology in the Real World: Can Internet Use Become an Addiction?
			Mood Disorders
				Depression and Its Causes
				Bipolar Disorder and Its Causes
			Research Process: Gene–Environment Interaction in the Development of Depression
			Schizophrenia
				Major Symptoms of Schizophrenia
				Nature and Nurture Explanations of Schizophrenia
			Breaking New Ground: The Discovery of Dopamine
			Dissociative Disorders
				Dissociative Identity Disorder
				Causes of Dissociative Disorders
			Somatoform Disorders
				Somatization Disorder
				Hypochondriasis
			Personality Disorders
				Odd–Eccentric Personality Disorders
				Dramatic–Emotional Personality Disorders
				Anxious–Fearful Personality Disorders
				Nature and Nurture Explanations of Personality Disorders
			Childhood Disorders
				Subtypes of Childhood Disorders
				Causes of Childhood Disorders
			Research to Real Life
			Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychological Disorders
			Chapter Review
16 Treatment of Psychological Disorders
	Biological Treatments for Psychological Disorders
		Drug Therapies
			Psychosurgery
				Electric and Magnetic Therapies
		Breaking New Ground: Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Severe Depression
			Effectiveness of Biological Treatments
		Psychological Treatments for Psychological Disorders
			Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy
				Humanistic–Positive Therapy
				Behavioral Treatments
				Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments
				Group Therapies
				Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments
		Research Process: Comparing Cognitive Therapy and Drug Therapy in Treatment of Depression
		Technology-Based Treatments for Psychological Disorders
			Effectiveness of Technology-Based Therapy
		Combined Approaches
			Drugs and Psychotherapy
				Integrative Therapies
				Mindfulness Training and Psychotherapy
				Effectiveness of Combined Approaches
		Research to Real Life
		Psychology in the Real World: How to Choose a Therapist
		Preventing Disorders
		Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in the Treatment of Psychological Disorders
		Chapter Review
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index