Psychology in Everyday Life

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
INSTRUCTOR PREFACE
Student Success
Chapter 1 - Psychology\'s Roots, Critical Thinking, and Self-Improvement Tools
	Psychology Is a Science
		PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE\'S BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT
		TODAY\'S PSYCHOLOGY
			The Biopsychosocial Approach
			Dual Processing With Our Two-Track Mind
			Clinical Psychology
			Positive Psychology
	The Need for Psychological Science
		CRITICAL THINKING AND THE SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE
		THE LIMITS OF COMMON SENSE
			Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias
			Overconfidence
			Perceiving Order in Random Events
		PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IN A POST-TRUTH WORLD
	How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?
		THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
		DESCRIPTION
			The Case Study
			Naturalistic Observation
			The Survey
		CORRELATION
		EXPERIMENTATION
			Random Assignment: Minimizing Differences
			The Double-Blind Procedure: Eliminating Bias
			Variables
		CHOOSING A RESEARCH DESIGN
		PREDICTING EVERYDAY BEHAVIOR
	Psychology\'s Research Ethics
		STUDYING AND PROTECTING ANIMALS
		STUDYING AND PROTECTING HUMANS
		VALUES IN PSYCHOLOGY
	Use Psychology to Improve Your Life and Become a Better Student
	CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
Chapter 2 - The Biology of Behavior and Consciousness
	The Power of Plasticity
	Neural Communication
		A NEURON\'S STRUCTURE
		HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE
		HOW NEUROTRANSMITTERS INFLUENCE US
	The Nervous System
		THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
		THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
	The Endocrine System
	The Brain
		TOOLS OF DISCOVERY - HAVING OUR HEAD EXAMINED
		OLDER BRAIN STRUCTURES
			The Brainstem
			The Thalamus
			The Reticular Formation
			The Cerebellum
		THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
			The Amygdala
			The Hypothalamus
			The Hippocampus
		THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
			Structure of the Cortex
			Functions of the Cortex
		RESPONSES TO DAMAGE
		THE DIVIDED BRAIN
			Splitting the Brain: One Skull, Two Minds
			Right-Left Differences in Intact Brains
	Brain States and Consciousness
		SELECTIVE ATTENTION
		SLEEP AND DREAMS
			Biological Rhythms and Sleep
			Why Do We Sleep?
			Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders
			Dreams
	CHAPTER 2 REVIEW
Chapter 3 - Developing Through the Life Span
	Developmental Psychology\'s Major Issues
		NATURE AND NURTURE
		CONTINUITY AND STAGES
		STABILITY AND CHANGE
	Prenatal Development and the Newborn
		PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
		THE COMPETENT NEWBORN
		TWIN AND ADOPTION STUDIES
			Identical Versus Fraternal Twins
			Separated Twins
			Biological Versus Adoptive Relatives
	Infancy and Childhood
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
			Brain Development
			Motor Development
			Brain Maturation and Infant Memory
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
			Piaget\'s Theory and Current Thinking
			Reflecting on Piaget\'s Theory
			An Alternative Viewpoint: Vygotsky and the Social Child
			Theory of Mind
		SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
			Origins of Attachment
			Attachment Differences
			Deprivation of Attachment
			Parenting Styles
	Adolescence
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
			Developing Reasoning Power
			Developing Morality
		SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
			Forming an Identity
			Parent and Peer Relationships
		EMERGING ADULTHOOD
	Adulthood
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
			Early Adulthood
			Middle Adulthood
			Late Adulthood
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
			Aging and Memory
			Maintaining Mental Abilities
		SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
			Adulthood\'s Commitments
			Well-Being Across the Life Span
			Death and Dying
	CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
Chapter 4 - Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
	Gender Development
		HOW ARE MALES AND FEMALES ALIKE? HOW DO THEY DIFFER?
			Aggression
			Social Power
			Social Connectedness
		THE NATURE OF GENDER
			Prenatal Sexual Development
			Adolescent Sexual Development
			Sexual Development Variations
		THE NURTURE OF GENDER
			Gender Roles
			Gender Identity
	Human Sexuality
		THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SEX
			Hormones and Sexual Behavior
			The Sexual Response Cycle
			Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
			Sexually Transmitted Infections
		THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX
			External Stimuli
			Imagined Stimuli
			Sexual Risk Taking and Teen Pregnancy
	Sexual Orientation
		CULTURAL ATTITUDES AND PREVALENCE
		WHY DO WE DIFFER?
			Same-Sex Attraction in Other Species
			Brain Differences
			Genetic Influences
			Prenatal Influences
	An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality
		MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES IN SEXUALITY
		NATURAL SELECTION AND MATING PREFERENCES
		CRITIQUING THE EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
	Reflections on the Nature and Nurture of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
	CHAPTER 4 REVIEW
Chapter 5 - Sensation and Perception
	Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception
		FROM OUTER ENERGY TO INNER BRAIN ACTIVITY
		THRESHOLDS
			Absolute Thresholds
			Difference Thresholds
		SENSORY ADAPTATION
		PERCEPTUAL SET
		CONTEXT, MOTIVATION, AND EMOTION
	Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing
		LIGHT ENERGY AND EYE STRUCTURES
			Light Energy: From the Environment Into the Brain
			The Eye
		INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE EYE AND BRAIN
			The Eye-to-Brain Pathway
			Color Processing
			Feature Detection
			Parallel Processing
		PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
			How Do We Perceive Form?
			How Do We Perceive Depth?
			How Do We Perceive Motion?
			Perceptual Constancy
		PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION
			Experience and Visual Perception
	The Other Senses
		HEARING
			Sound Waves: From the Environment Into the Brain
			Decoding Sound Waves
		TOUCH
			Pain-What Is It and How Can We Control It?
		TASTE
		SMELL
		BODY POSITION AND MOVEMENT
	Sensory Interaction
	ESP-Perception Without Sensation?
	CHAPTER 5 REVIEW
Chapter 6 - Learning
	How Do We Learn?
	Classical Conditioning
		PAVLOV\'S EXPERIMENTS
			Acquisition
			Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
			Generalization
			Discrimination
		PAVLOV\'S LEGACY
			Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
	Operant Conditioning
		SKINNER\'S EXPERIMENTS
			Shaping Behavior
			Types of Reinforcers
			Reinforcement Schedules
			Punishment
		SKINNER\'S LEGACY
			Operant Conditioning in Everyday Life
		CONTRASTING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
	Biology, Cognition, and Learning
		BIOLOGICAL LIMITS ON CONDITIONING
			Biological Limits on Classical Conditioning
			Biological Limits on Operant Conditioning
		COGNITIVE INFLUENCES ON CONDITIONING
			Cognition and Classical Conditioning
			Cognition and Operant Conditioning
	Learning by Observation
		MIRRORS AND IMITATION IN THE BRAIN
		OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IN EVERYDAY LIFE
			Prosocial Effects
			Antisocial Effects
	CHAPTER 6 REVIEW
Chapter 7  - Memory
	Studying Memory
		AN INFORMATION-PROCESSING MODEL
			Working Memory
	Building Memories: Encoding
		OUR TWO-TRACK MEMORY SYSTEM
		AUTOMATIC PROCESSING AND IMPLICIT MEMORIES
		EFFORTFUL PROCESSING AND EXPLICIT MEMORIES
			Sensory Memory
			Short-Term Memory Capacity
			Effortful Processing Strategies
			Spaced Study and Self-Assessment
			Making New Information Meaningful
	Memory Storage
		RETAINING INFORMATION IN THE BRAIN
			Explicit Memory System: The Hippocampus and Frontal Lobes
			Implicit Memory System: The Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
			The Amygdala, Emotions, and Memory
		SYNAPTIC CHANGES
	Retrieval: Getting Information Out
		MEASURING RETENTION
		RETRIEVAL CUES
			Priming
			Context-Dependent Memory
			State-Dependent Memory
			Serial Position Effect
	Forgetting
		FORGETTING AND THE TWO-TRACK MIND
		ENCODING FAILURE
		STORAGE DECAY
		RETRIEVAL FAILURE
			Interference
			Motivated Forgetting
	Memory Construction Errors
		MISINFORMATION AND IMAGINATION EFFECTS
		SOURCE AMNESIA
		RECOGNIZING FALSE MEMORIES
		CHILDREN\'S EYEWITNESS RECALL
	Improving Memory
	CHAPTER 7 REVIEW
Chapter 8 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
	Thinking
		SOLVING PROBLEMS
		MAKING GOOD (AND BAD) DECISIONS AND JUDGMENTS
			Two Quick But Risky Shortcuts
			Overconfidence: Was There Ever Any Doubt?
			Our Beliefs Live On - Sometimes Despite Evidence
			Framing: Let \'s Put It This Way...
			The Perils and Powers of Intuition
		THINKING CREATIVELY
		DO OTHER SPECIES SHARE OUR COGNITIVE SKILLS?
			Using Concepts and Numbers
			Displaying Insight
			Transmitting Culture
			Other Cognitive Skills
	Language
		LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT
			Language Acquisition: How Do We Learn Language?
			Language Development: When Do We Learn Language?
		THE BRAIN AND LANGUAGE
		THINKING WITHOUT LANGUAGE
		DO OTHER SPECIES HAVE LANGUAGE?
	Intelligence
		WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
			Is Intelligence One General Ability?
			Theories of Multiple Intelligences
			Emotional Intelligence
		ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
			What Do Intelligence Tests Test?
			Three Tests of a \"Good\" Test
			High and Low Scorers-How Do They Differ?
		THE NATURE AND NURTURE OF INTELLIGENCE
			Heredity and Intelligence
			Environment and Intelligence
			Gene-Environment Interactions
		INTELLIGENCE ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
			Stability or Change?
			Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
		GROUP DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES
			Gender Similarities and Differences
			Racial and Ethnic Similarities and Differences
			Are Intelligence Tests Biased?
	CHAPTER 8 REVIEW
Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion
	Motivational Concepts
		DRIVES AND INCENTIVES
		AROUSAL THEORY
		A HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
	Hunger
		THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HUNGER
			Body Chemistry and the Brain
		THE PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER
			Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
			Tempting Situations
	The Need to Belong
		THE BENEFITS OF BELONGING
		THE PAIN OF BEING SHUT OUT
		CONNECTING AND SOCIAL NETWORKING
			Mobile Networks and Social Media
			The Net Result: Social Effects of Social Networking
			Maintaining Balance and Focus
	Achievement Motivation
		INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
		HOW CAN WE MOTIVATE PERSONAL SUCCESS?
	Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition
		JAMES-LANGE THEORY: AROUSAL COMES BEFORE EMOTION
		CANNON-BARD THEORY: AROUSAL AND EMOTION HAPPEN AT THE SAME TIME
		SCHACHTER-SINGER TWO-FACTOR THEORY: AROUSAL + LABEL = EMOTION
		ZAJONC, LEDOUX, AND LAZARUS: EMOTION AND THE TWO-TRACK BRAIN
	Embodied Emotion
		THE BASIC EMOTIONS
		EMOTIONS AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
		THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS
	Expressed and Experienced Emotion
		DETECTING EMOTION IN OTHERS
		CULTURE AND EMOTION
		THE EFFECTS OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
	CHAPTER 9 REVIEW
Chapter 10 - Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing
	Stress: Some Basic Concepts
		STRESSORS-THINGS THAT PUSH OUR BUTTONS
			Catastrophes
			Significant Life Changes
			Daily Hassles
		STRESS REACTIONS-FROM ALARM TO EXHAUSTION
	Stress Effects and Health
		STRESS AND CANCER
		STRESS AND HEART DISEASE
			The Effects of Personality
			The Effects of Pessimism and Depression
	Coping With Stress
		PERSONAL CONTROL, HEALTH, AND WELL-BEING
			Who Controls Your Life?
			Coping With Stress by Boosting Self-Control
		IS THE GLASS HALF FULL OR HALF EMPTY?
		SOCIAL SUPPORT
		FINDING MEANING
	Managing Stress Effects
		AEROBIC EXERCISE
		RELAXATION AND MEDITATION
			Why Relaxation Is Good
			Learning to Reflect and Accept
		FAITH COMMUNITIES AND HEALTH
	Happiness
		THE SHORT LIFE OF EMOTIONAL UPS AND DOWNS
		CAN MONEY BUY HAPPINESS?
			Effects of Income and Inequality
			Happiness Is Relative
		PREDICTORS OF HAPPINESS
			Scientifically Proven Ways to Have a Happier Life
	CHAPTER 10 REVIEW
Chapter 11 - Social Psychology
	What Is Social Psychology\'s Focus?
	Social Thinking
		THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
		ATTITUDES AND ACTIONS
			Attitudes Affect Actions
			Actions Affect Attitudes
		PERSUASION
	Social Influence
		CONFORMITY AND OBEDIENCE
			Group Pressure and Conformity
			Obedience
			Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies
		GROUP INFLUENCE
			Social Facilitation
			Social Loafing
			Deindividuation
			Group Polarization
			Groupthink
	Social Relations
		PREJUDICE
			Explicit and Implicit Prejudice
			Targets of Prejudice
			Roots of Prejudice
		AGGRESSION
			The Biology of Aggression
			Psychological and Social-Cultural Influences on Aggression
		ATTRACTION
			The Psychology of Attraction
			Romantic Love
		ALTRUISM
			Bystander Intervention
			Norms for Helping
		FROM CONFLICT TO PEACE
			Enemy Perceptions
			Promoting Peace
	CHAPTER 11 REVIEW
Chapter 12 - Personality
	What Is Personality?
	Psychodynamic Theories
		FREUD\'S PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE: EXPLORING THE UNCONSCIOUS
			Personality Structure
			Personality Development
			Defense Mechanisms
		ASSESSING UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES
		EVALUATING FREUD\'S PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE AND MODERN VIEWS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS
			Modern Research Challenges the Idea of Repression
			The Modern Unconscious Mind
	Humanistic Theories
		ABRAHAM MASLOW\'S SELF-ACTUALIZING PERSON
		CARL ROGERS\' PERSON-CENTERED PERSPECTIVE
		ASSESSING THE SELF
		EVALUATING HUMANISTIC THEORIES
	Trait Theories
		EXPLORING TRAITS
			Basic Factors
			Biology and Personality
		ASSESSING TRAITS
		THE BIG FIVE FACTORS
		EVALUATING TRAIT THEORIES
			The Person-Situation Controversy
	Social-Cognitive Theories
		RECIPROCAL INFLUENCES
		ASSESSING BEHAVIOR IN SITUATIONS
		EVALUATING SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORIES
	Exploring the Self
		THE BENEFITS OF SELF-ESTEEM
		SELF-SERVING BIAS
		CULTURE AND THE SELF
	CHAPTER 12 REVIEW
Chapter 13 - Psychological Disorders
	What Is a Psychological Disorder?
		DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
		UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
			The Medical Model
			The Biopsychosocial Approach
		CLASSIFYING DISORDERS-AND LABELING PEOPLE
	Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD
		ANXIETY DISORDERS
			Generalized Anxiety Disorder
			Panic Disorder
			Phobias
		OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)
		POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)
		UNDERSTANDING ANXIETY DISORDERS, OCD, AND PTSD
			Conditioning
			Cognition
			Biology
	Substance Use Disorders
		TOLERANCE AND ADDICTION
		TYPES OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
			Depressants
			Stimulants
			Hallucinogens
		UNDERSTANDING SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
			Biological Influences
			Psychological and Social-Cultural Influences
	Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
		MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
		BIPOLAR DISORDER
		UNDERSTANDING MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND BIPOLAR DISORDER
			Biological Influences
			Psychological and Social Influences
	Schizophrenia
		SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
			Disturbed Perceptions and Beliefs
			Disorganized Speech
			Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions
		ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
		UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA
			Brain Abnormalities
			Prenatal Environment and Risk
			Genetics and Risk
	Other Disorders
		EATING DISORDERS
			Understanding Eating Disorders
		DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
			Dissociative Identity Disorder
		PERSONALITY DISORDERS
	Risk of Harm to Self and Others
		UNDERSTANDING SUICIDE
		NONSUICIDAL SELF-INJURY
		DOES DISORDER EQUAL DANGER?
	CHAPTER 13 REVIEW
Chapter 14 - Therapy
	Treating Psychological Disorders
	The Psychological Therapies
		PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
			The Goals of Psychoanalysis
			The Techniques of Psychoanalysis
			Psychodynamic Therapy
		HUMANISTIC THERAPIES
		BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
			Classical Conditioning Techniques
			Operant Conditioning Techniques
		COGNITIVE THERAPIES
			Beck\'s Therapy for Depression
			Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
		GROUP AND FAMILY THERAPIES
	Evaluating Psychotherapies
		IS PSYCHOTHERAPY EFFECTIVE?
			Clients\' Perceptions
			Clinicians\' Perceptions
			Outcome Research
		WHICH PSYCHOTHERAPIES WORK BEST?
		HOW DOPSYCHOTHERAPIES HELP PEOPLE?
		HOW DOES OUR DIVERSITY INFLUENCE PSYCHOTHERAPY?
		FINDING A MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
	The Biomedical Therapies
		DRUG THERAPIES
			Antipsychotic Drugs
			Antianxiety Drugs
			Antidepressant Drugs
			Mood-Stabilizing Medications
		BRAIN STIMULATION
			Electroconvulsive Therapy
			Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies
		PSYCHOSURGERY
	Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience
		PREVENTIVE MENTAL HEALTH
		BUILDING RESILIENCE
	CHAPTER 14 REVIEW
Appendix A - Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
	Describing Data
		MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
		MEASURES OF VARIATION
		CORRELATION: A MEASURE OF RELATIONSHIPS
	Significant Differences
		WHEN IS AN OBSERVED DIFFERENCE RELIABLE?
		WHEN IS AN OBSERVED DIFFERENCE SIGNIFICANT?
	APPENDIX A REVIEW
Appendix B - Psychology at Work
	Work and Life Satisfaction
		FLOW AT WORK
		FINDING YOUR OWN FLOW, AND MATCHING INTERESTS TO WORK
	Industrial-Organizational Psychology
	Organizational Psychology
		SATISFACTION AND ENGAGEMENT AT WORK
		EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
			Setting Specific, Challenging Goals
			Choosing an Appropriate Leadership Style
			Cultural Influences on Leadership Styles
	APPENDIX B REVIEW
Appendix C - Career Fields in Psychology
Appendix D - Complete Chapter Reviews
	CHAPTER 1
	CHAPTER 2
	CHAPTER 3
	CHAPTER 4
	CHAPTER 5
	CHAPTER 6
	CHAPTER 7
	CHAPTER 8
	CHAPTER 9
	CHAPTER 10
	CHAPTER 11
	CHAPTER 12
	CHAPTER 13
	CHAPTER 14
	APPENDIX A
	APPENDIX B
Appendix E - Answers to Retrieve and Remember and Chapter Test Questions
	CHAPTER 1
	CHAPTER 2
	CHAPTER 3
	CHAPTER 4
	CHAPTER 5
	CHAPTER 6
	CHAPTER 7
	CHAPTER 8
	CHAPTER 9
	CHAPTER 10
	CHAPTER 11
	CHAPTER 12
	CHAPTER 13
	CHAPTER 14
	APPENDIX A
	APPENDIX B
Appendix F - The Story of Psychology: A Timeline
Glossary
Glosario
References
Name Index
Subject Index