Psychology in Action

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
1 Introduction and Research Methods......Page 27
Psychology and a Contemporary Success Michael Jordan......Page 28
1.1 Introducing Psychology......Page 29
Gender and Cultural Diversity Psychology’s History of Diversity......Page 35
Psychology and Your Professional Success Would You Like a Career in Psychology?......Page 37
1.2 The Science of Psychology......Page 39
1.3 Research Methods......Page 46
Research Challenge Why Do Men and Women Lie About Sex?......Page 55
1.4 Tools for Student Success......Page 58
Psychology and Your Personal Success Why Are a Growth Mindset and Grit Important?......Page 63
Chapter Summary......Page 65
2 Neuroscience and Biological Foundations......Page 70
Psychology and a Contemporary Success Adele Diamond......Page 71
2.1 Neural and Hormonal Processes......Page 72
2.2 Nervous System Organization......Page 80
2.3 A Tour Through the Brain......Page 87
Gender and Cultural Diversity Are Male and Female Brains Different?......Page 89
Research Challenge Does Lying Lead to More Lies?......Page 92
2.4 The Cerebral Cortex......Page 94
Psychology and Your Personal Success How to Train Your Brain......Page 97
Chapter Summary......Page 103
3 Stress and Health Psychology......Page 107
3.1 Understanding Stress......Page 108
Gender and Cultural Diversity What Are the Problems with Acculturative Stress?......Page 113
Research Challenge What Are the Hidden Benefits of Practice Testing?......Page 119
3.2 Stress and Illness......Page 120
3.3 Stress Management......Page 125
Psychology and Your Personal Success Can Mindfulness Improve Your GPA?......Page 129
3.4 Health Psychology......Page 132
Gender and Cultural Diversity Culture and Job Stress......Page 134
Psychology and Your Professional Success How Well Do You Cope with Job Stress?......Page 135
Chapter Summary......Page 137
4 Sensation and Perception......Page 141
Psychology and a Classic Success Helen Keller......Page 142
4.1 Understanding Sensation......Page 143
4.2 How We See and Hear......Page 149
4.3 Our Other Important Senses......Page 156
Research Challenge Can Music Improve the Taste of Beer?......Page 159
4.4 Understanding Perception......Page 161
Gender and Cultural Diversity Are the Gestalt Laws Universally True?......Page 166
Research Challenge Does Wearing Red Increase Your Sex Appeal?......Page 170
Psychology and Your Personal Success Helen Keller’s Inspiring Advice......Page 172
Chapter Summary......Page 173
5 States of Consciousness......Page 177
Psychology and a Classic Success Albert Einstein......Page 178
5.1 Understanding Consciousness......Page 179
Psychology and Your Personal Success Can Maximizing Your Consciousness Save Lives?......Page 181
5.2 Understanding Sleep and Dreams......Page 183
Gender and Cultural Diversity Are There Differences in Dreams?......Page 190
5.3 Psychoactive Drugs......Page 194
Psychology and Your Professional Success Potential Career Costs of Addiction......Page 196
5.4 Meditation and Hypnosis......Page 202
Chapter Summary......Page 206
6 Learning......Page 210
Psychology and a Contemporary Success Cesar Millan......Page 211
6.1 Classical Conditioning......Page 212
6.2 Operant Conditioning......Page 220
Research Challenge Do Dogs Prefer Food or Praise?......Page 223
Psychology and Your Professional Success  Why Can’t We Get Anything Done Around Here?......Page 231
6.3 Cognitive–Social Learning......Page 232
Psychology and Your Personal Success  Can Learning Principles Help You Succeed in College?......Page 236
6.4 Biology of Learning......Page 237
Chapter Summary......Page 241
7 Memory......Page 246
7.1 The Nature of Memory......Page 247
Research Challenge  Can Taking Photos Impair Our Memories?......Page 250
7.2 Forgetting......Page 259
Gender and Cultural Diversity  Does Culture Affect Memory?......Page 263
7.3 Biological Bases of Memory......Page 264
7.4 Memory Distortions and Improvement......Page 270
Psychology and Your Personal Success  Can Memory Improvement Increase Success?......Page 274
Chapter Summary......Page 277
8 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence......Page 282
Psychology and a Contemporary Success  Bill Gates......Page 283
8.1 Thinking......Page 284
Psychology and Your Personal Success  Strategies for Better Problem Solving......Page 288
Research Challenge  Is Creativity Linked with Psychological Disorders?......Page 291
8.2 Language......Page 292
Gender and Cultural Diversity  Can Your Nonverbal Language Reveal Your Roots?......Page 296
8.3 Intelligence......Page 298
8.4 Intelligence Controversies......Page 302
Psychology and Your Professional Success  Is a High IQ Essential to High Achievement?......Page 308
Chapter Summary......Page 310
9 Life Span Development I......Page 314
Psychology and a Contemporary Success  Oprah Winfrey......Page 315
9.1 Studying Development......Page 316
Research Challenge  Deprivation and Development......Page 317
Gender & Cultural Diversity  Should Diversity Affect Research?......Page 320
9.2 Physical Development......Page 321
Psychology and Your Professional Success  Does Ageism Matter?......Page 331
9.3 Cognitive Development......Page 332
9.4 Social-Emotional Development......Page 340
Psychology and Your Personal Success  The Power of Touch......Page 341
Chapter Summary......Page 345
10 Life Span Development II......Page 349
Psychology and a Classic Success  Nelson Mandela......Page 350
10.1 Moral Development......Page 351
Gender and Cultural Diversity  Effects on Moral Development......Page 353
10.2 Personality Development......Page 354
10.3 Neurodevelopmental Disorders......Page 357
10.4 Challenges of Adulthood......Page 361
Psychology and Your Personal Success  What Are the Secrets to Enduring Love?......Page 362
Research Challenge  Are Brain Differences Associated with Age-Related Happiness?......Page 367
Chapter Summary......Page 372
11 Gender and Human Sexuality......Page 377
Psychology and a Contemporary Success  Ellen DeGeneres......Page 378
11.1 Studying Human Sexuality......Page 379
Gender and Cultural Diversity  Sexuality Across Cultures......Page 380
11.2 Sexual Identity......Page 382
Research Challenge  Is Gender Income Inequality Real?......Page 383
11.3 Sexual Behavior......Page 390
11.4 Sex Problems......Page 393
Research Challenge  Does Political Affiliation Reflect Sexual Behavior?......Page 398
11.5 Sex and Modern Life......Page 402
Psychology and Your Personal Success  Are Your Conflicts Constructive or Destructive?......Page 406
Chapter Summary......Page 410
12 Motivation and Emotion......Page 413
Psychology and a Contemporary Success  Malala Yousafzai......Page 414
12.1 Theories of Motivation......Page 415
12.2 Motivation and Behavior......Page 420
Psychology and Your Professional Success  What Are the Best Ways to Increase Motivation?......Page 428
12.3 Components and Theories of Emotion......Page 429
Research Challenge  Does Wearing “Sexy” Clothing Signal Sexual Interest?......Page 432
Gender and Cultural Diversity  Are Emotions Affected by Culture and Evolution?......Page 437
Psychology and Your Personal Success  Are There Research-Based Secrets for Happiness?......Page 441
Chapter Summary......Page 444
13 Personality......Page 447
Psychology and a Classic Success: Abraham Lincoln......Page 448
13.1 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories......Page 449
13.2 Trait Theories......Page 456
Research Challenge  Do Nonhuman Animals Have Unique Personalities?......Page 459
Psychology and Your Personal Success  Can (and Should) We Improve Our Personalities?......Page 460
13.3 Humanistic Theories......Page 461
13.4 Social-Cognitive Theories......Page 464
Psychology and Your Personal Success  Could You Pass the Stanford Marshmallow Test?......Page 466
13.5 Biological Theories......Page 468
13.6 Personality Assessment......Page 470
Psychology and Your Professional Success  Should You Match Your Personality with Your Career?......Page 474
Chapter Summary......Page 476
14 Psychological Disorders......Page 482
Psychology and a Contemporary Success  Jennifer Lawrence......Page 483
14.1 Studying Psychological Disorders......Page 484
14.2 Anxiety Disorders......Page 493
14.3 Depressive and Bipolar Disorders......Page 498
Research Challenge  Are Head Injuries Related to Depressive and Other Psychological Disorders?......Page 500
14.4 Schizophrenia......Page 502
14.5 Other Disorders......Page 506
14.6 Gender and Cultural Effects......Page 510
Research Challenge  Does Unequal Pay for Equal Work Increase Female Anxiety and Depression?......Page 511
Psychology and Your Personal Success  Can Resilience Promote Mental Health in Children and Adults?......Page 514
Chapter Summary......Page 516
15 Therapy......Page 520
Psychology and a Contemporary Success  J. K. Rowling......Page 521
15.1 Talk Therapies......Page 522
15.2 Behavior Therapies......Page 531
15.3 Biomedical Therapies......Page 536
15.4 Psychotherapy in Perspective......Page 542
Research Challenge Can Watching Movies Prevent Divorce?......Page 544
Gender and Cultural Diversity Therapy in Action......Page 549
Psychology and Your Personal Success: What Are the Keys to Good Mental Health?......Page 550
Chapter Summary......Page 552
16 Social Psychology......Page 557
Psychology and a Contemporary Success Sonia Sotomayor......Page 558
16.1 Social Cognition......Page 559
Psychology and Your Personal Success How Can We Reduce Attributional Biases?......Page 561
Research Challenge Can a 10-Minute Conversation Reduce Prejudice?......Page 569
Psychology and Your Professional Success The Power of Affirmative Action......Page 570
16.2 Social Influence......Page 571
Gender and Cultural Diversity How Does Culture Affect Personal Space?......Page 572
16.3 Social Relations......Page 580
Psychology and Your Personal Success Using Psychology to Increase Your Dating Appeal......Page 586
Research Challenge Can Long-Distance Relationships Survive?......Page 587
Chapter Summary......Page 591
APPENDIX A Statistics and Psychology......Page 595
APPENDIX B Answers to Self-tests, Connections, and Research Challenges......Page 605
GLOSSARY......Page 617
REFERENCES......Page 629
NAME INDEX......Page 695
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 707
EULA......Page 721