Psychology From Inquiry to Understanding

Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
Meet the Authors......Page 26
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology: A Framework for everyday life......Page 33
 What is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition......Page 35
  What Makes Psychology Distinctive—and Fascinating......Page 36
  Why we can't Always Trust Our Common Sense......Page 37
  Psychology as a Science......Page 39
  Metaphysical Claims: The Boundaries of Science......Page 41
  Recognizing that we Might Be Wrong......Page 42
  The Amazing Growth of Popular Psychology......Page 43
  What is Pseudoscience?......Page 44
  from inquiry to understanding: Why do we Perceive Patterns even when they don't Exist?......Page 46
  psychomythology: The Hot Hand: Reality or Illusion?......Page 48
  The Dangers of Pseudoscience: Why Should We Care?......Page 50
  A Basic Framework for Scientific Thinking......Page 52
  evaluating Claims: Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables......Page 57
  Psychology's Early History......Page 58
  The Great Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology......Page 60
  The Multifaceted World of Modern Psychology......Page 63
  The Great Debates of Psychology......Page 65
  How Psychology Affects Our Lives......Page 66
 Your Complete Review System......Page 69
Chapter 2: Research Methods in Psychology: Safeguards Against Error......Page 73
  Why We Need Research Designs......Page 76
  How We Can Be Fooled: Two Modes of Thinking......Page 77
 The Scientific Method: Toolbox of Skills......Page 79
  Case Study Designs: Getting to Know You......Page 80
  Self-Report Measures and Surveys: Asking People about Themselves and Others......Page 81
  Correlational Designs......Page 85
  Experimental Designs......Page 90
  from inquiry to understanding: How Do Placebos Work?......Page 94
  psychomythology: Laboratory Research Doesn't Apply to the Real World, Right?......Page 96
  Ethical Guidelines for Human Research......Page 98
  Ethical Issues in Animal Research......Page 99
  Descriptive Statistics: What's What?......Page 101
  How People Lie with Statistics......Page 103
  Becoming a Peer Reviewer......Page 106
  Most Reporters Aren’t Scientists: Evaluating Psychology in the Media......Page 107
  evaluating Claims: Hair-Loss Remedies......Page 108
 Your Complete Review System......Page 109
Chapter 3: Brain and Behavior: Bridging the Levels of Analysis......Page 113
  Neurons: The Brain's Communicators......Page 116
  Electrifying Thought......Page 118
  Chemical Communication: Neurotransmission......Page 119
  Neural Plasticity: How and When the Brain Changes......Page 122
 The Brain–Behavior Network......Page 124
  The Central Nervous System: The Command Center......Page 125
  from inquiry to understanding: How Do We Recognize Faces? ......Page 129
  The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 133
  The Pituitary Gland and Pituitary Hormones......Page 135
  The Adrenal Glands and Adrenaline......Page 136
 Mapping the Mind: The Brain in Action......Page 137
  A Tour of Brain-Mapping Methods......Page 138
  How Much of Our Brain Do We Use?......Page 141
  Which Side of Our Brain Do We Use for What?......Page 142
  psychomythology: Are Some People Left-Brained and Others Right-Brained?......Page 143
  evaluating Claims: Diagnosing Your Brain Orientation......Page 144
  How We Come to Be Who We Are......Page 145
  Behavioral Genetics: How We Study Heritability......Page 147
 Your Complete Review System......Page 151
Chapter 4: Sensation, Perception, and Reality: How we Sense and Conceptualize the World......Page 155
 Two Sides of the Coin: Sensation and Perception......Page 157
  Sensation: Our Senses as Detectives......Page 158
  The Role of Attention......Page 160
  The Binding Problem: Putting the Pieces Together......Page 161
  from inquiry to understanding: How Does Magic Work?......Page 162
  Light: The Energy of Life......Page 163
  The Eye: How We Represent the Visual Realm......Page 164
  When We Can't See or Perceive Visually......Page 168
  Sound: Mechanical Vibration......Page 170
  The Structure and Function of the Ear......Page 171
 Smell and Taste: The Sensual Senses......Page 173
  Sense Receptors for Smell and Taste......Page 174
  Olfactory and Gustatory Perception......Page 175
  When we Can't Smell or Taste......Page 176
  The Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain......Page 177
  psychomythology: Psychic Healing of Chronic Pain......Page 179
  Proprioception and Vestibular Sense: Body Position and Balance......Page 180
  Ergonomics: Human Engineering......Page 181
  Perceptual Hypotheses: Guessing What’s Out There......Page 182
  When Perception Deceives Us......Page 187
  Subliminal and Extrasensory Perception......Page 189
  evaluating Claims: Subliminal Persuasion CDs......Page 190
 Your Complete Review System......Page 195
Chapter 5: States of Consciousness: Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry......Page 199
  The Circadian Rhythm: The Cycle of Everyday Life......Page 202
  Stages of Sleep......Page 203
  Disorders of Sleep......Page 206
 Dreams......Page 209
  Freud's Dream Protection Theory......Page 210
  Dreaming and the Forebrain......Page 211
  Neurocognitive Perspectives on Dreaming......Page 212
  Hallucinations: Experiencing What isn't there......Page 213
  Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences......Page 214
  from inquiry to understanding: Why Do We Experience Déjà Vu?......Page 216
  Mystical Experiences......Page 217
  Hypnosis......Page 218
  psychomythology: Age Regression and Past Lives......Page 221
 Drugs and Consciousness......Page 222
  Substance Use Disorders......Page 223
  Depressants......Page 225
  Stimulants......Page 227
  Narcotics......Page 228
  Psychedelics......Page 229
 Your Complete Review System......Page 231
Chapter 6: Learning and Conditioning: How Nurture Changes Us......Page 235
 Classical Conditioning......Page 238
  Pavlov's Discovery of Classical Conditioning......Page 239
  Principles of Classical Conditioning......Page 240
  Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life......Page 242
  psychomythology: Are We What We Eat?......Page 245
 Operant Conditioning......Page 246
  The Law of Effect......Page 247
  B. F. Skinner and Reinforcement......Page 248
  Terminology of Operant Conditioning......Page 249
  Schedules of Reinforcement......Page 252
  Applications of Operant Conditioning......Page 254
  from inquiry to understanding: Why are We Superstitious?......Page 255
  Putting Classical and Operant Conditioning Together......Page 257
 Cognitive Models Of Learning......Page 258
  Latent Learning......Page 259
  Observational Learning......Page 260
  Mirror Neurons and Observational Learning......Page 263
  Conditioned Taste Aversions......Page 264
  Preparedness and Phobias......Page 265
 Learning Fads: Do They Work?......Page 267
  evaluating Claims: Sleep-Assisted Learning......Page 268
  Discovery Learning......Page 269
  Learning Styles......Page 270
 Your Complete Review System......Page 271
Chapter 7: Memory Processes: Constructing and Reconstructing Our Pasts......Page 275
 How Memory Operates: The Memory Assembly Line......Page 277
  The Paradox of Memory......Page 278
  The Reconstructive Nature of Memory......Page 279
  The Three Systems of Memory......Page 280
 The Three Processes of Memory......Page 289
  Encoding: The "Call Numbers" of the Mind......Page 290
  psychomythology: Smart Pills......Page 292
  Storage: Filing Away Our Memories......Page 293
  evaluating Claims: Memory Boosters......Page 294
  Retrieval: Heading for the "Stacks"......Page 295
  The Neural Basis of Memory Storage......Page 298
  Where is Memory Stored?......Page 299
  The Biology of Memory Deterioration......Page 302
 The Development of Memory: Acquiring a Personal History......Page 303
  Infants' Implicit Memory: Talking with Their Feet......Page 304
  from inquiry to understanding: Why Can't We Remember the First Few Years of Our Lives?......Page 305
  False Memories......Page 306
  Implanting False Memories in the Lab......Page 308
  Generalizing from the Lab to the Real World......Page 310
  Suggestibility and Child Testimony......Page 312
  Learning Tips: Getting the Science of Memory to Work for Us......Page 313
 Your Complete Review System......Page 315
Chapter 8: Cognition: Thinking, Decision Making, and Language: Getting Inside Our Talking Heads......Page 319
  Cognitive Economy—Imposing Order on Our World......Page 321
  Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords......Page 322
  from inquiry to understanding: Why Do We Worry About the Wrong Things?......Page 324
  Top-Down Processing......Page 325
  Decision Making: Choices, Choices, and More Choices......Page 326
  Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals......Page 327
  Models of the Mind......Page 329
  The Features of Language......Page 331
  How and Why Did Language Come About?......Page 333
  How Do Children Learn Language?......Page 334
  Critical Periods for Language Learning......Page 336
  Special Cases of Language Learning......Page 337
  Theoretical Accounts of Language Acquisition......Page 339
  Nonhuman Animal Communication......Page 340
  Do We Think in Words? The Relation Between Language and Thought......Page 342
  Reading: Recognizing the Written Word......Page 344
  Does Speed-Reading Work?......Page 345
  evaluating Claims: Speed-Reading Courses......Page 346
 Your Complete Review System......Page 347
Chapter 9: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing controversy and consensus......Page 351
  Intelligence as Sensory Capacity: Out of Sight, Out of Mind......Page 353
  Intelligence as Abstract Thinking......Page 354
  Intelligence as General versus Specific Abilities......Page 355
  Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence......Page 356
  Multiple Intelligences: Different Ways of Being Smart......Page 357
  Biological Bases of Intelligence......Page 359
  How We Calculate IQ......Page 362
  The Eugenics Movement: Misuses and Abuses of IQ Testing......Page 363
  IQ Testing Today......Page 364
  psychomythology: Do College Admissions Tests Predict Grades?......Page 366
  College Admissions Tests: What Do They Measure?......Page 367
  Reliability of IQ Scores: Is IQ Forever?......Page 368
  Validity of IQ Scores: Predicting Life Outcomes......Page 369
  A Tale of Two Tails: From Mental Retardation to Genius......Page 370
  Exploring Genetic Influences on IQ......Page 373
  Exploring Environmental Influences on IQ......Page 375
  evaluating Claims: IQ Boosters......Page 378
 Group Differences in IQ: The Science and the Politics......Page 379
  Sex Differences in IQ and Mental Abilities......Page 380
  Racial Differences in IQ......Page 382
  Creativity......Page 386
  Interests and Intellect......Page 387
  Wisdom......Page 388
  from inquiry to understanding: Why Smart People Believe Strange Things......Page 389
 Your Complete Review System......Page 391
Chapter 10: Human Development: Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood: How and why we change......Page 395
  Keeping an Eye on Cohort Effects......Page 398
  The Influence of Early Experience......Page 399
  Clarifying the Nature–Nurture Debate......Page 400
 The Developing Body: Physical and Motor Development......Page 401
  Conception and Prenatal Development: From Zygote to Baby......Page 402
  Infant Motor Development: How Babies Get Going......Page 403
  Physical Maturation in Adolescence: The Power of Puberty......Page 405
  evaluating Claims: Anti-Aging Treatments......Page 407
  Theories of Cognitive Development......Page 409
  Cognitive Landmarks of Early Development......Page 413
  psychomythology: The Mozart Effect, Baby Einstein, and Creating "superbabies"......Page 414
  from inquiry to understanding: Why is Science Difficult?......Page 415
  Cognitive Changes in Adolescence......Page 418
  Cognitive Function in Adulthood......Page 419
  Social Development in Infancy and Childhood......Page 420
  Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence......Page 430
  Life Transitions in Adulthood......Page 433
 Your Complete Review System......Page 437
Chapter 11: Emotion, Self-Esteem, and Motivation: What moves us ......Page 441
 Theories of Emotion: What Causes Our Feelings?......Page 443
  Discrete Emotions Theory: Emotions as Evolved Expressions......Page 444
  Cognitive Theories of Emotion: Think First, Feel Later......Page 447
  Unconscious Influences on Emotion......Page 450
  from inquiry to understanding: Why Do We Cry?......Page 452
 Nonverbal Expression of Emotion: The Eyes, Bodies, and Cultures Have It......Page 453
  Body Language and Gestures......Page 454
  Lying and Lie Detection......Page 455
  psychomythology Is: "Truth Serum" Really a Truth Serum?......Page 458
 Happiness and Self-Esteem: Science Confronts Pop Psychology......Page 459
  What Makes Us Happy: Myths and Realities......Page 460
  Forecasting Happiness......Page 463
  Self-Esteem: Important or Overhyped?......Page 464
  Positive Psychology: Psychology’s Future or Psychology’s Fad?......Page 465
  Motivation: A Beginner’s Guide......Page 466
  Hunger, Eating, and Eating Disorders......Page 469
  evaluating Claims: Diets and Weight-Loss Plans......Page 472
  Sexual Motivation......Page 473
  Social Influences on Interpersonal Attraction......Page 478
  Love: Science Confronts the Mysterious......Page 482
  Hate: A Neglected Topic......Page 484
 YourComplete Review System......Page 485
Chapter 12: Stress, Health, and Coping with Stress: The Mind–Body Interconnection ......Page 489
  Stress in the Eye of the Beholder: Three Approaches......Page 492
  No Two Stresses are Created Equal: Measuring Stress......Page 494
  The Mechanics of Stress: Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome......Page 495
  The Diversity of Stress Responses......Page 496
  psychomythology: Are Almost All People Traumatized by Highly Aversive Events?......Page 497
 How Stress Impacts Our Health......Page 498
  Psychoneuroimmunology: Our Bodies, Our Environments, and Our Health......Page 499
  Stress-Related Illnesses: A Biopsychosocial View......Page 500
  from inquiry to understanding: Morgellons Disease: How Can Healthy People Become Convinced they are Seriously Ill?......Page 501
  Social Support......Page 504
  Gaining Control......Page 505
  Individual Differences in Coping: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Personality......Page 507
  Flexible Coping......Page 508
  Toward a Healthy Lifestyle......Page 509
  evaluating Claims: Stress Reduction and Relaxation Techniques......Page 514
  Complementary and Alternative Medicine......Page 516
 Your Complete Review System......Page 521
Chapter 13: Social Psychology and Social Behavior: How Others Affect Us......Page 525
 What is Social Psychology?......Page 527
  Humans as a Social Species......Page 528
  from inquiry to understanding: Why are Yawns Contagious?......Page 531
  The Fundamental Attribution Error: The Great Lesson of Social Psychology......Page 532
  Conformity: The Asch Studies......Page 534
  Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities......Page 536
  Groupthink......Page 538
  Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders......Page 541
 Helping and Harming Others: Prosocial Behavior and Aggression......Page 545
  Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention......Page 546
  Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help From My Friends......Page 547
  Prosocial Behavior and Altruism......Page 548
  Aggression: Why We Hurt Others......Page 550
  Attitudes and Behavior......Page 553
  Origins of Attitudes......Page 554
  Attitude Change: Wait, Wait, I Just Changed My Mind......Page 555
  Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople......Page 556
  Stereotypes......Page 560
  The Nature of Prejudice......Page 562
  Discrimination......Page 563
  Prejudice "Behind the Scenes"......Page 564
  Combating Prejudice: Some Remedies......Page 565
 Your Complete Review System......Page 567
Chapter 14: Personality: Theories and Assessment: Who We Are......Page 571
 Personality: What is It and How Can We Study It?......Page 573
  Investigating the Causes of Personality: Overview of Twin and Adoption Studies......Page 574
  Behavior-Genetic Studies: A Note of Caution......Page 577
  Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality......Page 579
  The Id, Ego, and Superego: The Structure of Personality......Page 580
  Stages of Psychosexual Development......Page 583
  Psychoanalytic Theory Evaluated Scientifically......Page 585
  Freud’s Followers: The Neo-Freudians......Page 587
  Behavioral Views of the Causes of Personality......Page 589
  Social Learning Theories of Personality: The Causal Role of Thinking Resurrected......Page 590
  Behavioral and Social Learning Theories Evaluated Scientifically......Page 591
  Rogers and Maslow: Self-Actualization Realized and Unrealized......Page 592
  Humanistic Models Evaluated Scientifically......Page 593
 Trait Models of Personality: Consistencies in Our Behavior......Page 594
  The Big Five Model of Personality: The Geography of the Psyche......Page 595
  Can Personality Traits Change?......Page 598
  Trait Models Evaluated Scientifically......Page 599
  Famous—and Infamous—Errors in Personality Assessment......Page 600
  Structured Personality Tests......Page 601
  Projective Tests......Page 604
  Common Pitfalls in Personality Assessment......Page 607
  psychomythology: How Accurate is Criminal Profiling?......Page 608
  evaluating Claims: Online Personality Tests......Page 610
 Your Complete Review System......Page 611
Chapter 15: Mental Disorders: When Adaptation Breaks Down......Page 615
 Conceptions of Mental Illness: Yesterday and Today......Page 617
  What is Mental Illness? A Deceptively Complex Question......Page 618
  Historical Conceptions of Mental Illness: From Demons to Asylums......Page 619
  Psychiatric Diagnoses Across Cultures......Page 620
  Special Considerations in Psychiatric Classification and Diagnosis......Page 622
  Psychiatric Diagnosis Today: DSM-5......Page 624
  evaluating Claims: Online Tests for Mental Disorders......Page 626
  psychomythology: The Insanity Defense: Free Will Versus Determinism......Page 627
 Anxiety-Related Disorders: The Many Faces of Worry and Fear......Page 629
  Panic Disorder: Terror That Comes Out of the Blue......Page 630
  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Enduring Effects of Experiencing Horror......Page 631
  Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Trapped in One's Thoughts and Behaviors......Page 632
  The Roots of Pathological Anxiety, Fear, and Repetitive Thoughts and Behaviors......Page 633
  from inquiry to understanding: More Than a Pack Rat: Why Do People Hoard?......Page 634
  Major Depressive Disorder: Common, But Not the Common Cold......Page 636
  Explanations for Major Depressive Disorder: A Tangled Web......Page 637
  Bipolar Disorder: When Mood Goes to Extremes......Page 640
  Suicide: Facts and Fictions......Page 641
  Personality Disorders......Page 643
  Dissociative Disorders......Page 645
  Symptoms of Schizophrenia: The Shattered Mind......Page 648
  Explanations for Schizophrenia: The Roots of a Shattered Mind......Page 650
  Autistim Spectrum Disorders......Page 653
  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder......Page 655
 Your Complete Review System......Page 657
Chapter 16: Psychological and Biomedical Therapies: Helping People Change......Page 661
  Who Seeks and Benefits from Treatment?......Page 663
  Who Practices Psychotherapy?......Page 664
  Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies: Freud’s Legacy......Page 666
  Humanistic Therapies: Achieving Our Potential......Page 669
 Group Therapies: The More the Merrier......Page 671
  Controlled Drinking and Relapse Prevention......Page 672
  Family Therapies: Treating the Dysfunctional Family System......Page 673
  Systematic Desensitization and Exposure Therapies: Learning Principles in Action......Page 674
  Operant and Classical Conditioning Procedures......Page 677
  Cognitive-Behavioral and Third Wave Therapies: Learning to Think and Act Differently......Page 678
  The Dodo Bird Verdict: Alive or Extinct?......Page 682
  How Different Groups of People Respond to Psychotherapy......Page 683
  from inquiry to understanding: Why Can Ineffective Therapies Appear to Be Helpful? How We Can Be Fooled......Page 684
  Empirically Supported Treatments......Page 685
  evaluating Claims: Psychotherapies......Page 686
  psychomythology: Are Self-Help Books Always Helpful?......Page 687
  Psychopharmacotherapy: Targeting Brain Chemistry......Page 688
  Electrical Stimulation: Conceptions and Misconceptions......Page 692
  Psychosurgery: An Absolute Last Resort......Page 694
 Your Complete Review System......Page 695
Glossary......Page 699
Your Complete Review System Answer Key......Page 709
Evaluating Claims Answer Key......Page 717
References......Page 720
Name Index......Page 799
Subject Index......Page 814
Credits......Page 829