Psychology and Life (Books a la Carte)

Cover
Title Page
Copyrigt Page
Contents
Preface
1 PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
	WHAT MAKES PSYCHOLOGY UNIQUE?
		Definitions
		The Goals of Psychology
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: Does “Comfort Food” Really Give Comfort?
	THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY
		Psychology’s Historical Foundations
		Women as Pioneering Researchers
		Perspectives on Psychology
	WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DO
		Psychology in Your Life: In What Ways Do Psychologists Participate in the Legal System?
	HOW TO USE THIS TEXT
		Study Strategies
		Study Techniques
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
2 RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY
	THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH
		Observer Biases and Operational Definitions
		Experimental Methods: Alternative Explanations and the Need for Controls
		Correlational Methods
		Psychology in Your Life: Does Wishful Thinking Affect How You Evaluate Information?
	PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT
		Achieving Reliability and Validity
		Self-Report Measures
		Behavioral Measures and Observations
	ETHICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL RESEARCH
		Informed Consent
		Risk/Gain Assessment
		Intentional Deception
		Debriefing
		Issues in Animal Research
	BECOMING A CRITICAL CONSUMER OF RESEARCH
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: Why Is Skill with Numbers Important?
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
STATISTICAL SUPPLEMENT
	UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS: ANALYZING DATA AND FORMING CONCLUSIONS
	ANALYZING THE DATA
		Descriptive Statistics
		Inferential Statistics
	BECOMING A WISE CONSUMER OF STATISTICS
	Key Terms
3 THE BIOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY BASES OF BEHAVIOR
	HEREDITY AND BEHAVIOR
		Evolution and Natural Selection
		Variation in the Human Genotype
	THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ACTION
		The Neuron
		Action Potentials
		Synaptic Transmission
		Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
	BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
		Eavesdropping on the Brain
		Psychology in Your Life: How Does Your Brain Determine Trust?
		The Nervous System
		Brain Structures and Their Functions
		Hemispheric Lateralization
		The Endocrine System
		Plasticity and Neurogenesis: Our Changing Brains
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Does Culture Become “Embrained”?
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
4 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
	SENSORY KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD
		The Proximal and Distal Stimuli
		Psychophysics
		From Physical Events to Mental Events
	THE VISUAL SYSTEM
		The Human Eye
		The Pupil and The Lens
		The Retina
		Processes in the Brain
		Seeing Color
	HEARING
		The Physics of Sound
		Psychological Dimensions of Sound
		The Physiology of Hearing
	YOUR OTHER SENSES
		Smell
		Taste
		Touch and Skin Senses
		The Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses
		Pain
	ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES IN PERCEPTION
		Psychology in Your Life: Does a Painful Break-Up Really Hurt?
		Attentional Processes
		Principles of Perceptual Grouping
		Spatial and Temporal Integration
		Motion Perception
		Depth Perception
		Perceptual Constancies
		Illusions
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: Are Drivers Distracted When They Use Their Cell Phones?
	IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION PROCESSES
		Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes
		The Influence of Contexts and Expectations
		Final Lessons
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
5 MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND ALTERNATE STATES
	THE CONTENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
		Awareness and Consciousness
		Studying the Contents of Consciousness
	THE FUNCTIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
		The Uses of Consciousness
		Studying the Functions of Consciousness
	SLEEP AND DREAMS
		Circadian Rhythms
		The Sleep Cycle
		Why Sleep?
		Sleep Disorders
		Dreams: Theater of the Mind
		Psychology in Your Life: Are You a Morning Type or an Evening Type?
	ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
		Hypnosis
		Meditation
	MIND-ALTERING DRUGS
		Dependence and Addiction
		Varieties of Psychoactive Drugs
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: What Can We Learn From “The Munchies”?
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
6 LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
	THE STUDY OF LEARNING
		What Is Learning?
		Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis
	CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: LEARNING PREDICTABLE SIGNALS
		Pavlov’s Surprising Observation
		Processes of Conditioning
		Focus on Acquisition
		Applications of Classical Conditioning
		Biological Constraints
	OPERANT CONDITIONING: LEARNING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES
		Psychology in Your Life: How Does Classical Conditioning Affect Cancer Treatment?
		The Law of Effect
		Experimental Analysis of Behavior
		Reinforcement Contingencies
		Properties of Reinforcers
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: When Do “Time Outs” Change Children’s Behavior?
		Schedules of Reinforcement
		Shaping
		Biological Constraints
	COGNITIVE INFLUENCES ON LEARNING
		Comparative Cognition
		Observational Learning
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
7 MEMORY
	WHAT IS MEMORY?
		Functions of Memory
		An Overview of Memory Processes
	MEMORY USE FOR THE SHORT TERM
		Iconic Memory
		Short-Term Memory
		Working Memory
	LONG-TERM MEMORY: ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL
		Retrieval Cues
		Context and Encoding
		The Processes of Encoding and Retrieval
		Why We Forget
		Improving Memory for Unstructured Information
		Metamemory
	Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Can Memory Research Help You Prepare for Exams?
	STRUCTURES IN LONG-TERM MEMORY
		Memory Structures
		Remembering as a Reconstructive Process
		Psychology in Your Life: How Can You Benefit from the “Testing Effect”?
	BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MEMORY
		Searching for the Engram
		Memory Disorders
		Brain Imaging
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
8 COGNITIVE PROCESSES
	STUDYING COGNITION
		Discovering the Processes of Mind
		Mental Processes and Mental Resources
	LANGUAGE USE
		Language Production
		Language Understanding
		Language and Evolution
		Language, Thought, and Culture
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: Why and How Do People Lie?
	VISUAL COGNITION
	PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING
		Problem Solving
		Deductive Reasoning
		Psychology in Your Life: How Can You Become More Creative?
		Inductive Reasoning
	JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING
		Heuristics and Judgment
		The Psychology of Decision Making
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
9 INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT
	WHAT IS ASSESSMENT?
		History of Assessment
		Basic Features of Formal Assessment
	INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT
		The Origins of Intelligence Testing
		IQ Tests
		Extremes of Intelligence
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: Why Do Intelligent People Have Longer Lives?
	THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
		Psychometric Theories of Intelligence
		Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
		Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence
	THE POLITICS OF INTELLIGENCE
		The History of Group Comparisons
		Heredity and IQ
		Environments and IQ
		Culture and the Validity of IQ Tests
		Psychology in Your Life: What Brain Differences Accompany Higher Intelligence?
	ASSESSMENT AND SOCIETY
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
10 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
	STUDYING DEVELOPMENT
	PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
		Prenatal and Childhood Development
		Physical Development in Adolescence
		Physical Changes in Adulthood
	COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
		Piaget’s Insights into Mental Development
		Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development
		Cognitive Development in Adulthood
	ACQUIRING LANGUAGE
		Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words
		Learning Word Meanings
		Acquiring Grammar
		Psychology in Your Life: What Happens When Children Become Bilingual?
	SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
		Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
		Social Development in Childhood
		Social Development in Adolescence
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Does Day Care Affect Children’s Development?
		Social Development in Adulthood
	SEX AND GENDER DIFFERENCES
		Sex Differences
		Gender Identity and Gender Stereotypes
	MORAL DEVELOPMENT
		Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
		Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral Reasoning
	LEARNING TO AGE SUCCESSFULLY
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
11 MOTIVATION
	UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATION
		Functions of Motivational Concepts
		Sources of Motivation
		A Hierarchy of Needs
	EATING
		The Physiology of Eating
		The Psychology of Eating
		Psychology in Your Life: How Does the Presence of Others Influence Your Eating?
	SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
		Nonhuman Sexual Behaviors
		Human Sexual Arousal and Response
		The Evolution of Sexual Behaviors
		Sexual Norms
		Homosexuality
	MOTIVATION FOR PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT
		Need for Achievement
		Attributions for Success and Failure
		Work and Organizational Psychology
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Does Motivation Affect Academic Achievement?
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
12 EMOTION, STRESS, AND HEALTH
	EMOTIONS
		Basic Emotions and Culture
		Theories of Emotion
		The Impact of Mood and Emotions
		Subjective Well-Being
		Psychology in Your Life: Can You Accurately Predict Your Future Emotions?
	STRESS OF LIVING
		Physiological Stress Reactions
		Psychological Stress Reactions
		Coping with Stress
		Positive Effects of Stress
	HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
		The Biopsychosocial Model of Health
		Health Promotion
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: Can Health Psychology Help You Get More Exercise?
		Treatment
		Personality and Health
		Job Burnout and the Health-Care System
		A Toast to Your Health
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
13 UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY
	TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES
		Describing with Traits
		Traits and Heritability
		Do Traits Predict Behaviors?
		Psychology in Your Life: Do You Believe That Personality Can Change?
		Evaluation of Trait Theories
	PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
		Freudian Psychoanalysis
		Evaluation of Freudian Theory
		Extending Psychodynamic Theories
	HUMANISTIC THEORIES
		Features of Humanistic Theories
		Evaluation of Humanistic Theories
	SOCIAL-LEARNING AND COGNITIVE THEORIES
		Rotter’s Expectancy Theory
		Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory
		Bandura’s Cognitive Social-Learning Theory
		Evaluation of Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories
	SELF THEORIES
		Self-Concepts and Self-Esteem
		The Cultural Construction of Self
		Evaluation of Self Theories
	COMPARING PERSONALITY THEORIES
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Is Personality Conveyed in Cyberspace?
	ASSESSING PERSONALITY
		Objective Tests
		Projective Tests
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
14 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
	THE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
		Deciding What Is Abnormal
		The Problem of Objectivity
		Classifying Psychological Disorders
		The Etiology of Psychopathology
	ANXIETY DISORDERS
		Generalized Anxiety Disorder
		Panic Disorder
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Do Disorders Enter the DSM?
		Phobias
		Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Causes of Anxiety Disorders
	MOOD DISORDERS
		Major Depressive Disorder
		Bipolar Disorder
		Causes of Mood Disorders
		Gender Differences in Depression
		Suicide
	SOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
		Somatoform Disorders
		Psychology in Your Life: How Can We Pinpoint Interactions of Nature and Nurture?
		Dissociative Disorders
	SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS
		Major Types of Schizophrenia
		Causes of Schizophrenia
	PERSONALITY DISORDERS
		Borderline Personality Disorder
		Antisocial Personality Disorder
	PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD
		Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
		Autistic Disorder
	THE STIGMA OF MENTAL ILLNESS
		Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
15 THERAPIES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
	THE THERAPEUTIC CONTEXT
		Goals and Major Therapies
		Therapists and Therapeutic Settings
		Diversity Issues in Psychotherapy
		Historical Perspectives on Institutional Treatment
	PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
		Freudian Psychoanalysis
		Later Psychodynamic Therapies
		Psychology in Your Life: Are Lives Haunted by Repressed Memories?
	BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
		Counterconditioning
		Contingency Management
		Generalization Techniques
	COGNITIVE THERAPIES
		Changing False Beliefs
		Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
	HUMANISTIC THERAPIES
		Client-Centered Therapy
		Gestalt Therapy
	GROUP THERAPIES
		Couple and Family Therapy
		Community Support Groups
	BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES
		Drug Therapy
		Psychosurgery
		ECT and rTMS
	TREATMENT EVALUATION AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES
		Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness
		Common Factors
		Prevention Strategies
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: Can Internet-Based Therapy Be Effective?
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
16 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
	CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY
		The Origins of Attribution Theory
		The Fundamental Attribution Error
		Self-Serving Biases
		Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
	THE POWER OF THE SITUATION
		Roles and Rules
		Social Norms
		Conformity
		Decision Making in Groups
		Obedience to Authority
	ATTITUDES, ATTITUDE CHANGE, AND ACTION
		Attitudes and Behaviors
		Processes of Persuasion
		Persuasion by Your Own Actions
		Compliance
	PREJUDICE
		Origins of Prejudice
		Effects of Stereotypes
		Implicit Prejudice
		Reversing Prejudice
	SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
		Liking
		Loving
		Psychology in Your Life: In What Ways Are You Like a Chameleon?
	AGGRESSION, ALTRUISM, AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR
		Individual Differences in Aggression
		Situational Influences on Aggression
		The Roots of Prosocial Behavior
		The Effects of the Situation on Prosocial Behavior
		Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Can You Get People to Volunteer?
	A PERSONAL ENDNOTE
	Recapping Main Points
	Key Terms
	Practice Test
Answer Appendix
Glossary
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References
Name Index
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Subject Index
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Credits