Psychology and Law: A Critical Introduction, Third Edition

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Case studies......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Foreword......Page 15
1 Psycholegal Research: an introduction......Page 17
INTRODUCTION: DEVELOPMENT OF THE PSYCHOLEGAL FIELD......Page 18
1 BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW: WHY IT HAS TAKEN SO LONG......Page 21
2 REMAINING DIFFICULTIES......Page 29
3 GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM......Page 31
4 PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW IN AUSTRALIA......Page 34
5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 36
REVISION QUESTIONS......Page 37
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 38
2 Eyewitnesses: Key Issues and Event Characteristics......Page 39
INTRODUCTION......Page 40
1 LEGAL ASPECTS OF EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY......Page 41
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN ATTENTION, PERCEPTION AND MEMORY......Page 45
3 EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY RESEARCH: METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 48
Staging an event......Page 50
Field studies......Page 51
Single case studies......Page 52
Meta-analysis......Page 53
4 VARIABLES IN THE STUDY OF EYEWITNESS MEMORY......Page 55
Event Characteristics......Page 57
CONCLUSIONS......Page 70
REVISION QUESTIONS......Page 71
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 72
3 Eyewitnesses: The Perpetrator and Interviewing......Page 73
1 WITNESS CHARACTERISTICS......Page 74
2 PERPETRATOR VARIABLES......Page 96
3 INTERROGATIONAL VARIABLES......Page 100
5 REPRESSED OR FALSE-MEMORY SYNDROME?......Page 107
The Recovered or False Memory Debate: Two Contrasting Views......Page 111
6 INTERVIEWING EYEWITNESSES EFFECTIVELY......Page 114
Phase 1: establishing rapport (including engaging and explaining)......Page 115
Phase 4: closing the interview......Page 116
Cognitive Interview (CI)......Page 117
Forensic Hypnosis......Page 121
CONCLUSIONS......Page 124
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 126
4 Children as Witnesses......Page 128
INTRODUCTION......Page 129
1 LEGAL ASPECTS OF CHILDREN AS WITNESSES......Page 130
2 EVALUATIONS OF THE -LIVE LINK’CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION......Page 135
3 CHILD WITNESSES AND POPULAR BELIEFS ABOUT THEM......Page 138
4 CHILDRENS REMEMBERING ABILITY......Page 139
6 FACTORS THAT IMPACT ON CHILDRENS TESTIMONY......Page 142
Implanting False Information in Children......Page 146
The interviewers emotional tone......Page 147
Ethnicity of child witness......Page 148
Source attribution errors......Page 149
Children vs Adults......Page 150
7 ENHANCING CHILDRENS TESTIMONY......Page 152
Open-ended Prompts......Page 153
The Cognitive Interview Technique......Page 154
8 INTERVIEWING CHILDREN IN SEXUAL ABUSE CASES......Page 156
9 BODY MAPS AND INTERVIEWING CHILDREN......Page 158
10 ANATOMICAL DOLLS AND INTERVIEWING CHILDREN......Page 159
CONCLUSIONS......Page 160
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 162
5 The Jury......Page 164
1 A JURY OF TWELVE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 165
1 THE NOTION OF AN IMPARTIAL AND FAIR JURY: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL......Page 166
Arguments Against and for the Jury......Page 170
3 METHODS FOR STUDYING JURIESJURORS......Page 174
Questionnaire Surveys......Page 175
Mock Juries......Page 177
Shadow Juries......Page 178
Post-Trial Juror Interviews......Page 179
4 WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT JURIES?......Page 180
Selecting Jurors......Page 181
Pre-Trial Publicity......Page 184
The Reported Importance of Juror Characteristics......Page 185
Comprehending Evidence......Page 191
Understanding and Following the Judges Instructionsthe Jury Charge......Page 193
The Jury Foreperson......Page 194
Jury Deliberation......Page 196
6 VICTIMPLAINTIFF CHARACTERISTICS......Page 201
8 LAWYER AND JUDGE CHARACTERISTICS......Page 202
9 HUNG JURIES......Page 203
10 MODELS OF JURY DECISION-MAKING......Page 204
11 REFORMING THE JURY TO REMEDY SOME OF ITS PROBLEMS......Page 205
CONCLUSIONS......Page 207
REVISION QUESTIONS......Page 209
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 210
6 Sentencing as a Human Process, Victims, and Restorative Justice......Page 211
INTRODUCTION......Page 212
1 DISPARITIES IN SENTENCING......Page 215
2 STUDYING VARIATIONS IN SENTENCING......Page 218
Observational Studies......Page 219
Interviewing Judges......Page 220
Defendants Gender......Page 221
Defendants Race......Page 224
Defendants Attractiveness......Page 229
The Sentencer......Page 230
Gender of sentencer......Page 232
4 MODELS OF JUDICIAL DECISION-MAKING......Page 234
5 VICTIMS......Page 236
6 RESTORATIVE JUSTICE......Page 239
Evaluating Restorative Justice......Page 241
CONCLUSIONS......Page 243
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 244
7 The Psychologists as Expert Witnesses......Page 245
INTRODUCTION......Page 246
1 FIVE RULES FOR ADMITTING EXPERT EVIDENCE......Page 248
2 UNITED STATES......Page 251
3 ENGLAND AND WALES......Page 256
4 AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND CANADA......Page 262
5 THE IMPACT OF EXPERT TESTIMONY BY PSYCHOLOGISTS......Page 266
6 APPEARING AS EXPERT WITNESSES......Page 268
CONCLUSIONS......Page 270
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 272
8 Detecting Deception......Page 273
INTRODUCTION......Page 274
1 PAPER-AND-PENCIL TESTS......Page 277
Beliefs about 'Lying Behaviour’......Page 280
Non-Verbal Cues to Deception......Page 282
3 PARADIGMS USED TO STUDY DECEPTION-DETECTION......Page 284
4 DECEPTION-DETECTION ACCURACY......Page 286
Cues that Distinguish Liars from Truth-Tellers......Page 287
Detecting Deception in Children......Page 288
5 EXPERT LIE-DETECTORS: HOW ACCURATE?......Page 290
Expert Advice on How to Detect Lies......Page 294
Lying Without Getting Caught......Page 295
The Psychological Stress Evaluator/Voice Stress Analysis, Layered Voice Analysis......Page 296
The Polygraph/Lie-detector......Page 297
Expert evidence on the polygraph......Page 298
Scoring the polygraph chart......Page 299
Deception-detection with the polygraph: techniques used......Page 300
The polygraph and ascertaining a suspect has direct knowledge of specific information......Page 302
Factors impacting on polygraph test accuracy and outcome......Page 304
8 BRAINWAVES AS INDICATORS OF DECEITFUL COMMUNICATION......Page 306
9 STYLOMETRY......Page 307
10 STATEMENT REALITYVALIDITY ANALYSIS (SVA)......Page 308
11 REALITY MONITORING......Page 313
12 SCIENTIFIC CONTENT ANALYSIS......Page 314
CONCLUSIONS......Page 315
REVISION QUESTIONS......Page 317
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 318
9 Witness Recognition Procedures......Page 319
INTRODUCTION......Page 320
1 IDENTIFICATION TEST MEDIUM......Page 326
2 PERSON IDENTIFICATION FROM PHOTOGRAPHS......Page 327
3 SHOW-UPSWITNESS CONFRONTATIONS......Page 332
5 IDENTIFICATION PARADESLINE-UPS......Page 338
Line-up Accuracy in Real Cases......Page 343
Video Line-up Identification......Page 344
The composition of the line-up......Page 345
The size of the line-up......Page 348
Biased instructions......Page 350
How a line-up is presented......Page 351
Identification from CCTV......Page 353
7 FACIAL COMPOSITES......Page 354
8 VOICE IDENTIFICATION......Page 358
Circumstances Under which a Voice is Heard......Page 360
Characteristics of the Voice......Page 361
Delay......Page 363
Listener Characteristics......Page 364
Post-event Interference......Page 365
Voice-identification Accuracy: Conclusions......Page 366
CONCLUSIONS......Page 367
REVISION QUESTIONS......Page 368
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 369
10 Psychology and the Police......Page 370
INTRODUCTION......Page 371
1 SELECTION......Page 372
2 PREDICTING SUCCESS WITHIN THE FORCE......Page 376
3 ENCOUNTERS WITH THE PUBLIC......Page 378
4 PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION......Page 381
5 STRESS......Page 385
6 QUESTIONING SUSPECTS......Page 389
How Police Officers Approach the Task......Page 398
7 FALSE CONFESSIONS......Page 401
Preventing False Confessions......Page 408
8 PROFILING OFFENDERS......Page 409
FBI Profiling......Page 411
Statistical/Actuarial Profiling......Page 412
9 PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM......Page 415
CONCLUSIONS......Page 419
ADDITIONAL READING......Page 420
11 Conclusions......Page 422
Notes......Page 425
References......Page 453
Index......Page 590