Psychology

Prologue: The Story of Psychology......Page 107
Psychology Is a Science......Page 109
Critical Thinking......Page 112
Thinking Critically About: The Scientific Attitude......Page 111
Psychological Science Is Born......Page 115
Psychological Science Develops......Page 121
Contemporary Psychology......Page 124
Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person— and a Better Student......Page 143
Chapter 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science......Page 152
The Need for Psychological Science......Page 154
The Scientific Method......Page 160
Thinking Critically About: Correlation and Causation......Page 179
Psychology’s Research Ethics......Page 192
Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life......Page 203
Describing Data......Page 204
Significant Differences......Page 209
Chapter 2 The Biology of Mind......Page 216
Biology, Behavior, and Mind......Page 219
The Power of Plasticity......Page 222
Neural Communication......Page 224
The Nervous System......Page 238
The Endocrine System......Page 246
The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined......Page 253
Older Brain Structures......Page 263
The Limbic System......Page 269
The Cerebral Cortex......Page 279
Structure of the Cortex......Page 280
Functions of the Cortex......Page 281
Thinking Critically About: Using More Than 10 Percent of Our Brain......Page 290
Responses to Damage......Page 293
The Divided Brain......Page 297
Chapter 3 Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind......Page 310
Defining Consciousness......Page 312
Studying Consciousness......Page 314
Selective Attention......Page 317
Dual Processing: The Two-Track Mind......Page 324
Sleep and Dreams......Page 332
Biological Rhythms and Sleep......Page 333
Why Do We Sleep?......Page 345
Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders......Page 349
Dreams......Page 359
Tolerance and Addiction in Substance Use Disorders......Page 372
Types of Psychoactive Drugs......Page 374
Influences on Drug Use......Page 394
Chapter 4 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity......Page 406
Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences......Page 408
Genes: Our Codes for Life......Page 409
Twin and Adoption Studies......Page 412
Temperament and Heredity......Page 422
Heritability......Page 423
Gene-Environment Interaction......Page 425
Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature......Page 434
Natural Selection and Adaptation......Page 435
Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities......Page 436
An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality......Page 439
How Does Experience Influence Development?......Page 449
Cultural Influences......Page 458
Gender Development......Page 471
Thinking Critically About: Gender Bias in the Workplace......Page 476
Reflections on Nature, Nurture, and Their Interaction......Page 493
Chapter 5 Developing Through The Life Span......Page 502
Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues......Page 505
Prenatal Development and the Newborn......Page 510
Physical Development......Page 521
Cognitive Development......Page 527
Social Development......Page 550
Thinking Critically About: Parenting Styles......Page 568
Adolescence......Page 573
Physical Development......Page 574
Cognitive Development......Page 578
Social Development......Page 585
Emerging Adulthood......Page 594
Physical Development......Page 600
Cognitive Development......Page 609
Social Development......Page 616
Chapter 6 Sensation and Perception......Page 633
Processing Sensation and Perception......Page 636
Transduction......Page 639
Thresholds......Page 640
Thinking Critically About: Subliminal Sensation and Subliminal Persuasion......Page 642
Sensory Adaptation......Page 646
Perceptual Set......Page 649
Context, Motivation, and Emotion......Page 653
Light Energy and Eye Structures......Page 661
Information Processing in the Eye and Brain......Page 665
Perceptual Organization......Page 681
Perceptual Interpretation......Page 698
Hearing......Page 708
The Other Senses......Page 719
Sensory Interaction......Page 743
ESP—Perception Without Sensation?......Page 748
Chapter 7 Learning......Page 758
How Do We Learn?......Page 761
Classical Conditioning......Page 765
Skinner’s Experiments......Page 785
Skinner’s Legacy......Page 802
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning......Page 808
Biological Constraints on Conditioning......Page 813
Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning......Page 820
Learning by Observation......Page 826
Thinking Critically About: The Effects of Viewing Media Violence......Page 838
Chapter 8 Memory......Page 843
Studying Memory......Page 845
Encoding Memories......Page 855
Memory Storage......Page 872
Memory Retrieval......Page 885
Forgetting......Page 895
Memory Construction Errors......Page 908
Thinking Critically About: Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered?......Page 917
Improving Memory......Page 920
Chapter 9 Thinking and Language......Page 926
Concepts......Page 928
Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles......Page 930
Forming Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments......Page 935
Thinking Critically About: The Fear Factor......Page 939
Thinking Creatively......Page 949
Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills?......Page 957
Language and Thought......Page 964
Language Structure......Page 965
Language Acquisition and Development......Page 967
The Brain and Language......Page 980
Do Other Species Have Language?......Page 983
Thinking and Language......Page 988
Chapter 10 Intelligence......Page 1000
What Is Intelligence?......Page 1002
Is Intelligence One General Ability?......Page 1003
Theories of Multiple Intelligences......Page 1004
Emotional Intelligence......Page 1011
Assessing Intelligence......Page 1016
Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities......Page 1017
Principles of Test Construction......Page 1025
Thinking Critically About: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies......Page 1033
Extremes of Intelligence......Page 1040
Twin and Adoption Studies......Page 1046
Environmental Influences......Page 1050
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores......Page 1056
Chapter 11 What Drives Us: Hunger, Sex, Belonging, and Achievement......Page 1071
Basic Motivational Concepts......Page 1074
Instincts and Evolutionary Theory......Page 1075
Drives and Incentives......Page 1076
Arousal Theory......Page 1078
A Hierarchy of Needs......Page 1080
Hunger......Page 1086
The Physiology of Hunger......Page 1088
The Psychology of Hunger......Page 1094
Thinking Critically About: The Challenges of Obesity and Weight Control......Page 1100
The Physiology of Sex......Page 1104
The Psychology of Sex......Page 1111
Sexual Orientation......Page 1118
Sex and Human Relationships......Page 1133
The Need to Belong......Page 1137
Achievement Motivation......Page 1150
Chapter 12 Emotions, Stress, and Health......Page 1157
Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition......Page 1160
Embodied Emotion......Page 1170
Thinking Critically About: Lie Detection......Page 1173
Detecting Emotion in Others......Page 1177
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior......Page 1181
Culture and Emotional Expression......Page 1184
The Effects of Facial Expressions......Page 1189
Experiencing Emotion......Page 1195
Anger......Page 1196
Happiness......Page 1200
Stress: Some Basic Concepts......Page 1221
Stress and Vulnerability to Disease......Page 1231
Thinking Critically About: Stress and Health......Page 1244
Coping With Stress......Page 1247
Reducing Stress......Page 1262
Chapter 13 Social Psychology......Page 1277
Social Thinking......Page 1279
The Fundamental Attribution Error......Page 1280
Attitudes and Actions......Page 1284
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures......Page 1295
Obedience: Following Orders......Page 1302
Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies......Page 1308
Group Behavior......Page 1311
Thinking Critically About: The Internet as Social Amplifier......Page 1320
Prejudice......Page 1326
Aggression......Page 1342
Attraction......Page 1358
Altruism......Page 1376
Conflict and Peacemaking......Page 1384
Chapter 14 Personality......Page 1399
What Is Personality?......Page 1401
Psychodynamic Theories......Page 1402
Humanistic Theories......Page 1433
Trait Theories......Page 1442
Thinking Critically About: The Stigma of Introversion......Page 1446
Social-Cognitive Theories......Page 1462
Exploring the Self......Page 1469
Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders......Page 1485
Introduction to Psychological Disorders......Page 1488
Defining Psychological Disorders......Page 1489
Understanding Psychological Disorders......Page 1490
Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People......Page 1495
Thinking Critically About: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?......Page 1499
Does Disorder Equal Danger?......Page 1503
Rates of Psychological Disorders......Page 1505
Anxiety Disorders......Page 1512
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)......Page 1517
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)......Page 1519
Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD......Page 1522
Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Suicide, and Self-Injury......Page 1531
Major Depressive Disorder......Page 1533
Bipolar Disorder......Page 1535
Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder......Page 1538
Suicide and Self-Injury......Page 1552
Schizophrenia......Page 1559
Symptoms of Schizophrenia......Page 1560
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia......Page 1562
Understanding Schizophrenia......Page 1563
Dissociative Disorders......Page 1574
Personality Disorders......Page 1580
Eating Disorders......Page 1588
Chapter 16 Therapy......Page 1596
Introduction to Therapy and the Psychological Therapies......Page 1599
Treating Psychological Disorders......Page 1600
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 1601
Humanistic Therapies......Page 1606
Behavior Therapies......Page 1610
Cognitive Therapies......Page 1619
Group and Family Therapies......Page 1627
Is Psychotherapy Effective?......Page 1636
Which Psychotherapies Work Best?......Page 1643
Evaluating Alternative Therapies......Page 1645
How Do Psychotherapies Help People?......Page 1649
Culture and Values in Psychotherapy......Page 1652
Finding a Mental Health Professional......Page 1653
The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders......Page 1657
Drug Therapies......Page 1658
Brain Stimulation......Page 1666
Psychosurgery......Page 1670
Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience......Page 1674
Appendix A: Psychology at Work......Page 1694
Appendix B: Career Fields in Psychology, by Jennifer Zwolinski......Page 1727
Appendix C: Complete Chapter Reviews......Page 1739
Appendix D: Answers to Master the Material Questions......Page 1815
Glossary......Page 1846
References......Page 1906
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