Psychology

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
DEI Page
Brief Contents
Contents
About This Course
Content Highlights
About the Authors
Authors’ Acknowledgments
Learning Outcomes and Assessment
1 What Is Psychology?
	1.1 Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense
		1.1.A What Psychology Is
		1.1.B What Psychology Is Not
	1.2 Thinking Critically About Psychology
		1.2.A What Is Critical Thinking?
		1.2.B Critical Thinking Steps
	1.3 A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory
		1.3.A The Forerunners of Modern Psychology
		1.3.B The Birth of Modern Psychology
	Revisiting the Classics: Sigmund Freud
	1.4 Psychological Science Perspectives
		1.4.A Pillars of Modern Psychology
		1.4.B Gender, Race, and Diversity in Psychology
	Taking Psychology with You: Using Psychology to Study Psychology
	1.5 What Psychologists Do
		1.5.A Psychological Research
		1.5.B Psychological Practice
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: That’s Just Fake News!
2 How Psychologists Do Research
	2.1 What Makes Psychological Research Scientific?
		2.1.A Precision and Reliance on Empirical Evidence
		2.1.B Skepticism
		2.1.C Willingness to Make “Risky Predictions”
		2.1.D Transparency
	Replication Check
	Taking Psychology with You: Distinguishing Real Science From Fake Science
	2.2 Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts
		2.2.A Finding a Sample
	Revisiting the Classics: Convenience Sampling
		2.2.B Case Studies
		2.2.C Observational Studies
		2.2.D Tests
		2.2.E Surveys
		2.2.F Cross-Cultural Studies
	2.3 Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships
		2.3.A Measuring Correlations
		2.3.B Cautions About Correlations
	2.4 Experiments: Hunting for Causes
		2.4.A Experimental Variables
		2.4.B Experimental and Control Conditions
		2.4.C Advantages and Limitations of Experiments
	2.5 Evaluating the Findings
		2.5.A Describing the Data
		2.5.B Inferential Statistics
		2.5.C Interpreting the Findings
	2.6 Keeping the Enterprise Ethical
		2.6.A The Ethics of Studying Humans
		2.6.B The Ethics of Studying Animals
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Clever Hans the Horse Was a Math Whiz
3 Genes, Evolution, and Environment
	3.1 Unlocking the Secrets of Genes
		3.1.A The Human Genome
		3.1.B Epigenetics
	3.2 The Genetics of Similarity
		3.2.A Evolution and Natural Selection
		3.2.B Innate Human Characteristics
	3.3 Our Human Heritage: Courtship and Mating
		3.3.A Evolution and Sexual Strategies
		3.3.B Thinking Critically About the Evolutionary View
	3.4 The Genetics of Difference
		3.4.A The Meaning of Heritability
		3.4.B Computing Heritability
	Taking Psychology with You: Should You Have Genetic Testing?
	3.5 Our Human Diversity: The Case of Intelligence
		3.5.A Genes and Individual Differences
	Replication Check
		3.5.B The Question of Group Differences
		3.5.C The Environment and Intelligence
	Revisiting the Classics: Lewis Terman and “The Termites”
	3.5.D Beyond Nature Versus Nurture
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Astronaut Twins No Longer Genetically Identical After Space Trip
4 The Brain and the Nervous System
	4.1 The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint
		4.1.A The Central Nervous System
		4.1.B The Peripheral Nervous System
	4.2 Communication in the Nervous System
		4.2.A Types of Cells
		4.2.B The Structure of the Neuron
		4.2.C Neurogenesis: The Birth of Neurons
		4.2.D How Neurons Communicate
		4.2.E Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System
	4.3 Mapping the Brain
		4.3.A Manipulating the Brain and Observing Behavior
		4.3.B Manipulating Behavior and Observing the Brain
	4.4 A Tour Through the Brain
		4.4.A The Brain Stem and Cerebellum
		4.4.B The Thalamus
		4.4.C The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
		4.4.D The Amygdala
		4.4.E The Hippocampus
		4.4.F The Cerebrum
		4.4.G The Cerebral Cortex
	4.5 The Two Hemispheres of the Brain
		4.5.A Split Brains: A House Divided
	Revisiting the Classics: Split-Brain Patient Studies
		4.5.B The Two Hemispheres: Allies or Opponents?
	Replication Check
	4.6 The Flexible Brain
		4.6.A Experience and the Brain
		4.6.B Culture and the Brain
		4.6.C Sex Differences in the Brain?
	Taking Psychology with You: Thinking Twice About Tinkering With the Brain
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Computer-Based Brain Training Games Will Keep Your Brain Young
5 Sensation and Perception
	5.1 Our Sensational Senses
		5.1.A The Riddle of Separate Sensations
		5.1.B Measuring the Senses
	Replication Check
		5.1.C Sensory Adaptation
	Revisiting the Classics: Early Sensory Deprivation Studies
		5.1.D Sensing Without Perceiving
	5.2 Vision
		5.2.A What We See
		5.2.B An Eye on the World
		5.2.C Why the Visual System Is Not a Camera
		5.2.D How We See Colors
		5.2.E Constructing the Visual World
	Replication Check
	5.3 Hearing
		5.3.A What We Hear
		5.3.B An Ear on the World
		5.3.C Constructing the Auditory World
	5.4 Other Senses
		5.4.A Taste: Savory Sensations
		5.4.B Smell: The Sense of Scents
		5.4.C Senses of the Skin
		5.4.D The Mystery of Pain
	Taking Psychology with You: Why Perception Can Be More Than Meets the Eye
		5.4.E The Environment Within
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: People Can Smell Fear
6 Consciousness and Sleep
	6.1 Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience
		6.1.A Circadian Rhythms
		6.1.B Moods and Long-Term Rhythms
	6.2 The Rhythms of Sleep
		6.2.A The Realms of Sleep
	Replication Check
		6.2.B Why We Sleep
	Revisiting the Classics: Extreme Sleep Deprivation Studies
	Taking Psychology with You: Improving the Quality (and Quantity) of Your Sleep
	6.3 Exploring the Dream World
		6.3.A Explanations of Dreaming
		6.3.B Evaluating Dream Theories
	6.4 The Riddle of Hypnosis
		6.4.A The Nature of Hypnosis
		6.4.B Theories of Hypnosis
	Replication Check
	6.5 Consciousness-Altering Drugs
		6.5.A Classifying Drugs
		6.5.B The Physiology of Drug Effects
		6.5.C The Psychology of Drug Effects
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: When You’re Stumped by a Problem, You Should “Sleep on It”
7 Learning
	7.1 Classical Conditioning
		7.1.A New Reflexes From Old
		7.1.B Principles of Classical Conditioning
		7.1.C What Is Actually Learned in Classical Conditioning?
	7.2 Classical Conditioning in Real Life
		7.2.A Learning to Like
		7.2.B Learning to Fear
	Revisiting the Classics: Little Albert
	Replication Check
		7.2.C Accounting for Taste
		7.2.D Reacting to Medical Treatments
	Replication Check
	7.3 Operant Conditioning
		7.3.A The Birth of Radical Behaviorism
		7.3.B The Consequences of Behavior
	7.4 Principles of Operant Conditioning
		7.4.A The Importance of Responses
		7.4.B Skinner: The Man and the Myth
	7.5 Operant Conditioning in Real Life
	Taking Psychology with You: Changing Your Behavior
		7.5.A The Pros and Cons of Punishment
		7.5.B The Problems With Reward
	7.6 Learning and the Mind
		7.6.A Latent Learning
		7.6.B Social-Cognitive Learning Theories
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Kids Who Play Violent Video Games Learn to Be More Violent
8 Memory
	8.1 In Pursuit of Memory
		8.1.A Measuring Memory
	Replication Check
		8.1.B Models of Memory
	8.2 The Three-Box Model of Memory
		8.2.A The Sensory Register: Fleeting Impressions
		8.2.B Working Memory: Memory’s Notepad
	Revisiting the Classics: The Magical Number 7 (± 2)
		8.2.C Long-Term Memory: Memory’s Storage System
	Replication Check
	8.3 The Biology of Memory
		8.3.A Changes in Neurons and Synapses
		8.3.B Where Memories Are Made
		8.3.C Hormones, Emotion, and Memory
	8.4 How We Remember
		8.4.A Encoding, Rehearsal, and Retrieval
	Taking Psychology with You: Making Memory Work for You
	8.5 Why We Forget
		8.5.A Mechanisms of Forgetting
		8.5.B Childhood Amnesia: The Missing Years
		8.5.C The Repression Controversy
	8.6 Reconstructing the Past
		8.6.A The Manufacture of Memory
		8.6.B The Conditions of Confabulation
	Replication Check
		8.6.C The Eyewitness on Trial
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: This Herbal Supplement Has Been Clinically Proven to Boost Memory
9 Thinking and Intelligence
	9.1 Thought: Using What We Know
		9.1.A The Elements of Cognition
		9.1.B How Conscious Is Thought?
		9.1.C Reasoning Rationally
	9.2 Barriers to Reasoning Rationally
		9.2.A Exaggerating the Improbable
	Replication Check
		9.2.B Avoiding Loss
	Replication Check
		9.2.C Biases and Mental Sets
	Revisiting the Classics: Pygmalion in the Classroom
		9.2.D Overcoming Our Cognitive Biases
	9.3 Measuring Intelligence
		9.3.A Measuring the Invisible
		9.3.B The IQ Test
		9.3.C Elements of Intelligence
		9.3.D Motivation, Hard Work, and Intellectual Success
	Taking Psychology with You: Bolstering Your Focus and Creativity
	9.4 Animal Minds
		9.4.A Animal Intelligence
		9.4.B Animals and Language
		9.4.C Thinking About the Thinking of Animals
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Different People Have Different Learning Styles
10 The Major Motives: Food, Love, Sex, and Work
	10.1 Motivation and the Hungry Animal
		10.1.A Defining Motivation
	Revisiting the Classics: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
		10.1.B The Biology of Weight
		10.1.C Environmental Influences on Weight
		10.1.D The Body as Battleground: Eating Disorders
	Replication Check
	10.2 The Social Animal: Motives to Love
		10.2.A The Biology of Love
		10.2.B The Psychology of Love
		10.2.C Gender, Culture, and Love
	10.3 The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex
		10.3.A The Biology of Desire
	Replication Check
		10.3.B Biology and Sexual Orientation
		10.3.C The Psychology of Desire
		10.3.D Gender, Culture, and Sex
	10.4 The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve
		10.4.A The Effects of Motivation on Work
		10.4.B The Effects of Work on Motivation
		10.4.C The Pursuit of Happiness
	Taking Psychology with You: Rethinking Motivation in the Modern Era
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: More College Students Than Ever Are “Hooking Up” for Casual Sex
11 Emotion, Stress, and Health
	11.1 The Nature of Emotion
		11.1.A Emotion and the Face
	Replication Check
		11.1.B Emotion and the Brain
		11.1.C Emotion and the Mind
	Revisiting the Classics: Schachter & Singer (1962)
	11.2 Emotion and Culture
		11.2.A How Culture Shapes Emotions
		11.2.B Communicating Emotions
		11.2.C Gender and Emotion
	11.3 The Nature of Stress
		11.3.A Stress and the Body
		11.3.B Stress and the Mind
	11.4 Stress and Emotion
		11.4.A Hostility and Depression: Do They Hurt?
	Replication Check
		11.4.B Positive Emotions: Do They Help?
		11.4.C Emotional Inhibition and Expression
	11.5 Coping With Stress
		11.5.A Solving the Problem
		11.5.B Rethinking the Problem
		11.5.C Drawing on Social Support
	Taking Psychology with You: How Much Control Do We Have Over Our Emotions and Our Health?
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Emotional Support Animals Reduce Psychological Distress
12 Development Over the Lifespan
	12.1 From Conception Through the First Year
		12.1.A Prenatal Development
		12.1.B The Infant’s World
	Replication Check
		12.1.C Attachment
	Revisiting the Classics: Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
	12.2 Cognitive Development
		12.2.A Thinking
		12.2.B Language
	Replication Check
	12.3 Moral Development
		12.3.A Stages of Morality
		12.3.B Getting Children to Be Good
	12.4 Gender Development
		12.4.A Gender Identity
		12.4.B Influences on Gender Development
	12.5 Adolescence
		12.5.A The Physiology of Adolescence
		12.5.B The Psychology of Adolescence
	12.6 Adulthood
		12.6.A Stages and Ages
		12.6.B The Transitions of Life
		12.6.C Old Age
	Taking Psychology with You: Remember That Development Lasts a Lifetime
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: The Marshmallow Test Predicts Success Later in Life
13 Social Psychology
	13.1 Social Beliefs
		13.1.A Attributions
	Replication Check
		13.1.B Attitudes
		13.1.C Cognitive Dissonance
		13.1.D Persuasion or “Brainwashing”? Suicide Bombers, Cults, and Conspiracy Theorists
	13.2 Social Forces
		13.2.A Rules and Roles
		13.2.B The Power of Situations
	Replication Check
	Revisiting the Classics: The Stanford Prison Experiment
		13.2.C Why People Obey
	13.3 Individuals in Groups
		13.3.A Conformity
		13.3.B Groupthink
		13.3.C The Bystander Effect
		13.3.D Altruism and Dissent
	Taking Psychology with You: Becoming a More Conscientious and Engaged Social Being
	13.4 Us Versus Them: Group Identity and Conflict
		13.4.A Social Identity
		13.4.B In-Groups and Out-Groups
		13.4.C Stereotypes
	13.5 Prejudice
		13.5.A The Origins of Prejudice
		13.5.B Measuring Prejudice
		13.5.C Reducing Conflict and Prejudice
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Police Treat Black and White Civilians Differently
14 Theories of Personality
	14.1 Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
		14.1.A Freud and Psychoanalysis
		14.1.B Other Psychodynamic Approaches
		14.1.C Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories
	14.2 The Modern Study of Personality
		14.2.A Popular Personality Tests
	Revisiting the Classics: The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
		14.2.B Core Personality Traits
	Replication Check
	14.3 Genetic Influences on Personality
		14.3.A Heredity and Temperament
		14.3.B Heredity and Traits
	Replication Check
	14.4 Environmental Influences on Personality
		14.4.A Situations and Social Learning
		14.4.B Parental Influence—and Its Limits
		14.4.C The Power of Peers
	14.5 Cultural Influences on Personality
		14.5.A Culture, Values, and Traits
		14.5.B Evaluating Cultural Approaches
	14.6 The Inner Experience
		14.6.A Humanist Approaches
		14.6.B Narrative Approaches
		14.6.C Evaluating Humanist and Narrative Approaches
	Taking Psychology with You: Thinking Scientifically About Personality
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Young People Today Are More Narcissistic Than Ever
15 Psychological Disorders
	15.1 Diagnosing Mental Disorders
		15.1.A Dilemmas of Definition
		15.1.B Dilemmas of Diagnosis
	Revisiting the Classics: Rosenhan (1973)
		15.1.C Psychological Assessment
	15.2 Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
		15.2.A Depression
	Replication Check
		15.2.B Bipolar Disorder
		15.2.C Origins of Depression
	Replication Check
	15.3 Anxiety Disorders
		15.3.A Anxiety and Panic
		15.3.B Fears and Phobias
	15.4 Trauma and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders
		15.4.A Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
	Replication Check
		15.4.B Obsessions and Compulsions
	15.5 Personality Disorders
		15.5.A Borderline Personality Disorder
		15.5.B Antisocial Personality Disorder
		15.5.C Psychopathy: Myths and Evidence
	15.6 Addictive Disorders
		15.6.A Biology and Addiction
		15.6.B Learning, Culture, and Addiction
	15.7 Dissociative Identity Disorder
		15.7.A A Controversial Diagnosis
		15.7.B Thinking Critically About DID
	15.8 Schizophrenia
		15.8.A Symptoms of Schizophrenia
	Taking Psychology with You: Thinking More Clearly About Mental Disorders
		15.8.B Origins of Schizophrenia
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Smartphone Use Can Become an Addiction
16 Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
	16.1 Biological Treatments for Mental Disorders
		16.1.A The Question of Medication
		16.1.B Direct Brain Intervention
	Revisiting the Classics: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
	16.2 Major Schools of Psychotherapy
		16.2.A Psychodynamic Therapy
		16.2.B Behavior and Cognitive Therapy
	Replication Check
		16.2.C Humanist and Existential Therapy
		16.2.D Family and Couples Therapy
	16.3 Evaluating Psychotherapy
		16.3.A The Scientist–Practitioner Gap
		16.3.B When Therapy Helps
		16.3.C When Interventions Harm
		16.3.D Culture and Psychotherapy
	Taking Psychology with You: Becoming a Smart Consumer of Psychological Treatments
	Epilogue: Taking This Text With You
	Critical Thinking Illustrated: Claim: Learning About Psychological Methods and Findings Can Make You a More Effective Person
	Glossary
	References
	Name Index
	Subject Index