Psychology, 5th Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 8
1 An Introduction to Psychology......Page 27
Learning Goals......Page 28
What Psychologists Do......Page 29
Test Yourself 1.1......Page 32
Mind and Body: Are They the Same?......Page 33
Nature and Nurture: Where Does Knowledge Come From?......Page 34
The First Schools: Psychology as Science......Page 35
Freud and the Humanists: The Influence of the Clinic......Page 38
The First Women in Psychology......Page 40
Learning Goals......Page 41
Biological Factors......Page 42
Evolutionary Psychology......Page 43
Cultural Factors......Page 44
Solving Problems With an Adaptive Mind......Page 45
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 46
Active Summary......Page 47
Terms to Remember......Page 48
Media Resources......Page 49
2 The Tools of Psychological Research......Page 51
WHAT’S IT FOR?: Unlocking the Secrets of Behavior and Mind......Page 52
Naturalistic Observation: Focusing on Real Life......Page 54
Case Studies: Focusing on the Individual......Page 56
Surveys: Focusing on the Group......Page 57
Psychological Tests: Assessing Individual Differences......Page 58
Statistics: Summarizing and Interpreting the Data......Page 59
Test Yourself 2.1......Page 62
Correlational Research......Page 63
Correlations and Causality......Page 65
Learning Goals......Page 66
Experimental Control......Page 68
Expectancies and Biases in Experimental Research......Page 70
Test Yourself 2.3......Page 73
Informed Consent......Page 74
The Ethics of Animal Research......Page 75
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 77
Active Summary......Page 78
Media Resources......Page 79
3 Biological Processes......Page 81
Learning Goals......Page 82
Neural Transmission: The Electrochemical Message......Page 84
The Communication Network......Page 89
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: Better Thinking Through Chemistry?......Page 90
The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems......Page 91
How We Determine Brain Function......Page 93
Brain Structures and Their Functions......Page 96
The Divided Brain......Page 103
Learning Goals......Page 105
Are There Gender Effects?......Page 106
Test Yourself 3.3......Page 108
Natural Selection and Adaptations......Page 109
Genetic Principles......Page 110
Genes and Behavior......Page 111
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 112
Active Summary......Page 113
Terms to Remember......Page 114
Media Resources......Page 115
4 Human Development......Page 117
Learning Goals......Page 118
The Stages of Prenatal Development......Page 119
From Crawling to Walking......Page 121
Becoming an Adult......Page 123
Test Yourself 4.1......Page 125
The Tools of Investigation......Page 126
The Growing Perceptual World......Page 128
Do We Lose Memory With Age?......Page 130
Piaget and the Development of Thought......Page 131
The Sensorimotor Period: Birth to Two Years......Page 132
The Preoperational Period: Two to Seven Years......Page 133
The Concrete Operational Period: Seven to Eleven Years......Page 134
The Formal Operational Period: Eleven to Adulthood......Page 135
Challenges to Piaget’s Theory......Page 136
Moral Development: Learning Right From Wrong......Page 138
Learning Goals......Page 140
The Origins of Attachment......Page 141
Types of Attachment......Page 143
Do Early Attachments Matter Later in Life?......Page 144
Child Care: What Are the Long-Term Effects?......Page 145
Forming a Personal Identity: Erikson’s Crises of Development......Page 146
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: Choosing a Day-Care Center......Page 147
Gender-Role Development......Page 150
Growing Old in Society......Page 151
Death and Dying......Page 152
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 154
Active Summary......Page 155
Terms to Remember......Page 156
Media Resources......Page 157
5 Sensation and Perception......Page 159
WHAT’S IT FOR?: Building the World of Experience......Page 160
Translating the Message......Page 161
Identifying the Message Components......Page 166
Producing Stable Interpretations: Visual Perception......Page 171
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: Creating Illusions of Depth......Page 180
Translating the Message......Page 181
Identifying the Message Components......Page 183
Producing Stable Interpretations: Auditory Perception......Page 185
Learning Goals......Page 186
Touch......Page 187
Experiencing Pain......Page 188
The Vestibular Sense......Page 189
Learning Goal......Page 190
Smell......Page 191
Taste......Page 192
Stimulus Detection......Page 193
Difference Thresholds......Page 194
Sensory Adaptation......Page 195
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 196
Active Summary......Page 197
Terms to Remember......Page 198
Media Resources......Page 199
6 Consciousness......Page 201
WHAT’S IT FOR?: The Value of Consciousness......Page 202
Experiments on Attention: Dichotic Listening......Page 203
Processing Without Attention: Automaticity......Page 205
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: Cell Phones and Driving......Page 206
Subliminal Influences......Page 207
Disorders of Attention......Page 208
Learning Goals......Page 210
Biological Rhythms......Page 211
The Characteristics of Sleep......Page 213
The Function of Sleep......Page 215
The Function of REM and Dreaming......Page 217
Disorders of Sleep......Page 219
Learning Goals......Page 221
Drug Actions and Effects......Page 222
Categories of Psychoactive Drugs......Page 223
Psychological Factors......Page 226
Learning Goals......Page 227
The Phenomenon of Hypnosis......Page 228
Explaining Hypnosis......Page 229
Test Yourself 6.4......Page 231
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 232
Active Summary......Page 233
Terms to Remember......Page 234
Media Resources......Page 235
7 Learning From Experience......Page 237
WHAT’S IT FOR?: Learning From Experience......Page 238
Learning Goal......Page 239
Habituation and Sensitization......Page 240
Learning Goals......Page 241
Forming the CS–US Connection......Page 242
PRACTICAL SOULTIONS: Taste Aversions......Page 244
Conditioned Responding: Why Does It Develop?......Page 245
Second-Order Conditioning......Page 246
Stimulus Discrimination......Page 247
Extinction: When the CS No Longer Signals the US......Page 248
Conditioned Inhibition: Signaling the Absence of the US......Page 249
Test Yourself 7.2......Page 250
Learning Goals......Page 251
The Discriminative Stimulus: Knowing When to Respond......Page 252
The Nature of Reinforcement......Page 253
Punishment: Lowering the Likelihood of a Response......Page 254
Schedules of Reinforcement......Page 256
Shaping: Acquiring Complex Behaviors......Page 258
Biological Constraints on Learning......Page 259
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: Superstitious Behavior......Page 260
Learning Goals......Page 261
Modeling: Learning From Others......Page 262
Practical Considerations......Page 263
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 264
Active Summary......Page 265
Terms to Remember......Page 266
Media Resources......Page 267
8 Memory......Page 269
WHAT’S IT FOR?: Remembering and Forgetting......Page 270
Sensory Memory: The Icon and the Echo......Page 271
Short-Term Memory: Prolonging the Present......Page 273
The Working Memory Model......Page 277
What Is Stored in Long-Term Memory?......Page 278
Elaboration: Connecting Material to Existing Knowledge......Page 279
Mnemonic Devices......Page 281
The Importance of Retrieval Cues......Page 284
Reconstructive Remembering......Page 287
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: Studying for Exams......Page 288
Remembering Without Awareness: Implicit Memory......Page 290
Learning Goals......Page 291
Why Do We Forget?......Page 292
Motivated Forgetting......Page 294
The Neuroscience of Forgetting......Page 295
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 297
Active Summary......Page 298
Terms to Remember......Page 300
Media Resources......Page 301
9 Language and Thought......Page 303
WHAT’S IT FOR?: Cognitive Processes......Page 304
The Structure of Language......Page 305
Language Comprehension......Page 308
Language Development......Page 309
Language in Nonhuman Species......Page 311
Test Yourself 9.1......Page 313
Defi ning Category Membership......Page 314
Do People Store Category Prototypes?......Page 316
The Hierarchical Structure of Categories......Page 317
Learning Goals......Page 318
Representing Problem Information......Page 319
Developing Problem-Solving Strategies......Page 321
Reaching the Aha! Moment: Insight......Page 323
Test Yourself 9.3......Page 324
Framing Decision Alternatives......Page 325
Decision-Making Heuristics......Page 326
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 330
Active Summary......Page 331
Terms to Remember......Page 332
Media Resources......Page 333
10 Intelligence......Page 335
WHAT’S IT FOR?: The Study of Intelligence......Page 336
Psychometrics: Measuring the Mind......Page 337
Multiple Intelligences: Gardner’s Case Study Approach......Page 340
Multiple Intelligences: Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory......Page 342
Learning Goals......Page 343
The Components of a Good Test......Page 344
IQ: The Intelligence Quotient......Page 346
Extremes of Intelligence......Page 348
The Validity of Intelligence Testing......Page 349
Individual Differences Related to Intelligence......Page 351
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: Can Mozart’s Music Make You Smarter?......Page 353
Learning Goals......Page 354
The Stability of IQ......Page 355
Nature: The Genetic Argument......Page 357
Nurture: The Environmental Argument......Page 358
The Interaction of Nature and Nurture......Page 361
Test Yourself 10.3......Page 362
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 363
Active Summary......Page 364
Media Resources......Page 365
11 Motivation and Emotion......Page 367
WHAT'S IT FOR?: Motivation and Emotion......Page 368
Internal Factors: Instincts and Drive......Page 369
External Factors: Incentive Motivation......Page 370
Achievement Motivation......Page 371
Intrinsic Motivation......Page 372
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs......Page 373
Test Yourself 11.1......Page 375
Learning Goals......Page 381
The Sexual Response Cycle......Page 382
Internal Factors......Page 383
External Factors......Page 384
Mate Selection......Page 385
Sexual Orientation......Page 386
Test Yourself 11.3......Page 387
Are There Basic Emotions?......Page 388
The Emotional Experience: Arousal......Page 390
The Emotional Experience: Subjective Reactions......Page 391
Theories of Emotion: Body to Mind......Page 393
Test Yourself 11.4......Page 397
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 398
Active Summary......Page 399
Terms to Remember......Page 400
Media Resources......Page 401
12 Personality......Page 403
WHAT'S IT FOR?: Personality......Page 404
The Factor Analytic Approach......Page 405
Allport's Trait Theory......Page 408
Personality Tests......Page 409
Test Yourself 12.1......Page 411
The Psychodynamic Approach of Freud......Page 412
Humanistic Approaches to Personality......Page 417
Social–Cognitive Approaches to Personality......Page 420
The Person–Situation Debate......Page 424
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: The Value of Self-Monitoring......Page 426
Genetic Factors in Personality......Page 427
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 429
Active Summary......Page 430
Media Resources......Page 431
13 Social Psychology......Page 433
WHAT'S IT FOR?: Social Psychology......Page 434
Person Perception: How Do We Form Impressions of Others?......Page 435
Attribution Theory: Attributing Causes to Behavior......Page 440
Attitudes and Attitude Change......Page 444
Social Facilitation and Interference......Page 449
Social Influences on Altruism: The Bystander Effect......Page 451
The Power of the Group......Page 452
Group Decision Making......Page 455
The Power of Authority: Obedience......Page 457
The Role of Culture......Page 459
Learning Goals......Page 461
What Makes a Face Attractive?......Page 462
Determinants of Liking and Loving......Page 464
The Psychology of Romantic Love......Page 466
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 468
Active Summary......Page 469
Terms to Remember......Page 470
Media Resources......Page 471
14 Psychological Disorders......Page 473
Learning Goals......Page 474
Characteristics of Abnormal Behavior......Page 475
The Concept of Insanity......Page 477
Problems Associated With Labeling......Page 478
Learning Goals......Page 480
Anxiety Disorders: Fear and Apprehension......Page 483
Somatoform Disorders: Body and Mind......Page 486
Dissociative Disorders: Disruptions of Identity or Awareness......Page 487
Disorders of Mood: Depression and Mania......Page 489
Schizophrenia: Faulty Thought Processes......Page 492
Personality Disorders......Page 495
Biological Factors: Is It in the Brain or Genes?......Page 496
Cognitive Factors: Thinking Maladaptive Thoughts......Page 499
Environmental Factors: Do People Learn to Act Abnormally?......Page 501
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 503
Active Summary......Page 505
Terms to Remember......Page 506
Media Resources......Page 507
15 Therapy......Page 509
WHAT'S IT FOR?: Therapy......Page 510
Drug Therapies......Page 511
Electroconvulsive Therapy......Page 514
Psychosurgery......Page 515
Test Yourself 15.1......Page 516
Psychoanalysis: Resolving Unconscious Conflicts......Page 517
Cognitive Therapies: Changing Maladaptive Beliefs......Page 519
Humanistic Therapies: Treating the Human Spirit......Page 523
Group Therapy......Page 525
Learning Goals......Page 526
Conditioning Techniques......Page 527
Applying Rewards and Punishments......Page 529
Social Skills Training......Page 530
Learning Goals......Page 531
Clinical Evaluation Research......Page 532
Common Factors Across Psychotherapies......Page 534
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: Choosing a Therapist......Page 535
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 536
Active Summary......Page 537
Media Resources......Page 539
16 Stress and Health......Page 541
Learning Goals......Page 542
The Stress Response......Page 543
External Sources of Stress......Page 545
Internal Sources of Stress......Page 549
Physical Consequences of Stress......Page 552
Psychological Consequences of Stress......Page 554
Relaxation Techniques......Page 557
Social Support......Page 559
Reappraising the Situation......Page 560
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS: Pet Support......Page 561
Test Yourself 16.3......Page 563
Get Fit: The Value of Aerobic Exercise......Page 564
Don't Smoke: Tobacco and Health......Page 565
Eat Right: The Value of Proper Nutrition......Page 566
Avoid Risky Behavior: Protect Yourself From Disease......Page 567
Test Yourself 16.4......Page 568
REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGY FOR A REASON......Page 569
Active Summary......Page 570
Media Resources......Page 571
Appendix......Page 573
Glossary......Page 589
References......Page 603
Indexes......Page 645