Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
1 Introduction......Page 30
Basic Concepts......Page 35
Overview of the Book......Page 38
Historical Perspective......Page 40
Summary......Page 51
2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing......Page 54
Why We Need Statistics......Page 55
Scales of Measurement......Page 56
Frequency Distributions......Page 60
Percentile Ranks......Page 63
Percentiles......Page 67
Describing Distributions......Page 68
Norms......Page 82
Summary......Page 92
3 Correlation and Regression......Page 94
The Scatter Diagram......Page 95
Correlation......Page 97
Regression......Page 98
Other Correlation Coefficients......Page 111
Terms and Issues in the Use of Correlation......Page 113
Multivariate Analysis (Optional)......Page 117
Summary......Page 123
Appendix 3.1: Calculation of a Regression Equation and a Correlation Coefficient......Page 124
4 Reliability......Page 130
History and Theory of Reliability......Page 131
The Domain Sampling Model......Page 134
Item Response Theory......Page 136
Models of Reliability......Page 137
Reliability in Behavioral Observation Studies......Page 149
Connecting Sources of Error with Reliability Assessment Method......Page 150
Using Reliability Information......Page 153
Summary......Page 158
Appendix 4.2: The Calculation of Reliability Using KR[sub(20)]......Page 159
5 Validity......Page 162
Aspects of Validity......Page 164
Summary......Page 184
6 Writing and Evaluating Test Items......Page 186
Item Writing......Page 187
Item Analysis......Page 199
Summary......Page 212
7 Test Administration......Page 214
The Examiner and the Subject......Page 215
Behavioral Assessment Methodology......Page 226
Summary......Page 229
8 Interviewing Techniques......Page 230
The Interview as a Test......Page 233
Reciprocal Nature of Interviewing......Page 234
Principles of Effective Interviewing......Page 235
Types of Interviews......Page 244
Sources of Error in the Interview......Page 252
Summary......Page 255
9 Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales......Page 258
The Problem of Defining Intelligence......Page 259
Binet’s Principles of Test Construction......Page 261
Spearman’s Model of General Mental Ability......Page 262
The Early Binet Scales......Page 264
Terman’s Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale......Page 267
The Modern Binet Scale......Page 271
Summary......Page 277
10 The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-III, WISC-IV, and WPPSI-III......Page 278
The Wechsler Intelligence Scales......Page 280
Scales, Subtests, and Indexes of the WAIS-III......Page 282
Interpretive Features of the Wechsler Tests......Page 291
Psychometric Properties of the Wechsler Adult Scale......Page 294
Evaluation of the Wechsler Adult Scales......Page 295
Downward Extensions of the WAIS-III: The WISC-IV and the WPPSI-III......Page 296
Summary......Page 300
11 Other Individual Tests of Ability in Education and Special Education......Page 302
Alternative Individual Ability Tests Compared with the Binet and Wechsler Scales......Page 303
Alternatives Compared with one Another......Page 304
Specific Individual Ability Tests......Page 306
Testing Learning Disabilities......Page 322
Summary......Page 331
12 Standardized Tests in Education, Civil Service, and the Military......Page 332
Comparison of Group and Individual Ability Tests......Page 334
Overview of Group Tests......Page 336
Group Tests in the Schools: Kindergarten Through 12th Grade......Page 338
College Entrance Tests......Page 343
Graduate and Professional School Entrance Tests......Page 347
Nonverbal Group Ability Tests......Page 353
Summary......Page 359
13 Applications in Clinical and Counseling Settings......Page 362
Strategies of Structured Personality-Test Construction......Page 364
The Logical-Content Strategy......Page 367
The Criterion-Group Strategy......Page 369
The Factor Analytic Strategy......Page 381
The Theoretical Strategy......Page 385
Combination Strategies......Page 390
Frequently Used Measures of Positive Personality Traits......Page 394
Future of Positive Personality Research......Page 398
Summary......Page 399
14 Projective Personality Tests......Page 402
The Projective Hypothesis......Page 404
The Rorschach Inkblot Test......Page 405
The Thematic Apperception Test......Page 420
Nonpictorial Projective Procedures......Page 426
Summary......Page 429
15 Computers and Basic Psychological Science in Testing......Page 432
Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment Procedures......Page 434
Psychophysiological Procedures......Page 446
Computers and Psychological Testing......Page 448
Summary......Page 459
16 Testing in Counseling Psychology......Page 462
Measuring Interests......Page 463
Measuring Personal Characteristics for Job Placement......Page 476
Summary......Page 478
17 Testing in Health Psychology and Health Care......Page 480
Neuropsychological Assessment......Page 481
Quality-of-Life Assessment......Page 506
Summary......Page 510
18 Testing in Industrial and Business Settings......Page 512
Personnel Psychology—The Selection of Employees......Page 513
Base Rates and Hit Rates......Page 514
Personnel Psychology from the Employee’s Perspective: Fitting People to Jobs......Page 527
Measuring Characteristics of the Work Setting......Page 529
Job Analysis......Page 533
Measuring the Person-Situation Interaction......Page 536
Summary......Page 538
19 Test Bias......Page 540
Why Is Test Bias Controversial?......Page 541
Test Fairness and the Law......Page 542
The Traditional Defense of Testing......Page 546
Other Approaches to Testing Minority Group Members......Page 553
Suggestions for Solutions......Page 561
Changing the Social Environment......Page 569
Summary......Page 571
20 Testing and the Law......Page 574
Laws Governing the Use of Tests......Page 575
Major Lawsuits That Have Affected Psychological Testing......Page 587
Summary......Page 611
21 Ethics and the Future of Psychological Testing......Page 614
Issues Shaping the Field of Testing......Page 615
Current Trends......Page 626
Future Trends......Page 630
Summary......Page 632
APPENDIX 1 Areas of a Standard Normal Distribution......Page 634
APPENDIX 2 Critical Values of r for α = .05 and α = .01 (Two-Tailed Test)......Page 638
APPENDIX 3 Critical Values of t*......Page 639
APPENDIX 4 Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education......Page 641
GLOSSARY......Page 646
REFERENCES......Page 651
NAME INDEX......Page 718
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 732