Psychological Science

Psychological Science, 6e
	Title Page
	Copyright Infromation
	Dedication
	Brief Contents
	Meet the Author
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Instructor Resources
	Contents
1. The Science of Psychology
	What Is Psychological Science?
		1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior
		1.2 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking
		1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking
		1.4 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Why Are People Unaware of Their Weaknesses?
	What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology?
		1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History
		1.6 Experimental Psychology Initially Focused on the Structure, Not the Function, of Mental Activity
		1.7 Different Schools of Thought Reflected Different Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior
	What Are the Latest Developments in Psychology?
		1.8 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological Phenomena
		1.9 Evolutionary Thinking Is Increasingly Influential
		1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions
		1.11 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis
		1.12 Subfields in Psychology Focus on Different Levels of Analysis
		1.13 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Will Psychology Benefit You in Your Career?
	Your Chapter Review
2. Research Methodology
	How Is the Scientific Method Used in Psychological Research?
		2.1 Science Has Four Primary Goals
		2.2 The Scientific Method Tests Hypotheses
		2.3 The Scientific Method Is Cyclical
		2.4 Evaluating Scientific Findings Requires Critical Thinking
	What Types of Studies Are Used in Psychological Research?
		2.5 Descriptive Research Consists of Case Studies, Observation, and Self-Report  Methods
		2.6 Descriptive Studies Need to Guard Against Bias
		2.7 Correlational Studies Describe and Predict How Variables Are Related
		2.8 The Experimental Method Controls and Explains
		2.9 Participants Need to Be Carefully Selected and Randomly Assigned to Conditions
	What Are the Ethics Governing Psychological Research?
		2.10 There Are Ethical Issues to Consider in Research with Human Participants
		2.11 There Are Ethical Issues to Consider in Research with Animals
		2.12 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:  Should You Participate in Psychological Research?
	How Are Data Analyzed and Evaluated?
		2.13 Good Research Requires Valid, Reliable, and Accurate Data
		2.14 Descriptive Statistics Provide a Summary of the Data
		2.15 The Correlation Coefficient Summarizes the Relationships Between Variables
		2.16 Inferential Statistics Permit Generalizations
		2.17 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Should You Bet on a Hot Hand?
	Your Chapter Review
3. Biology and Behavior
	How Does the Nervous System Operate?
		3.1 Neurons Are the Basic Units of the Nervous System
		3.2 Action Potentials Produce Neural Communication
		3.3 Neurotransmitters Influence Mental Activity and Behavior
	What Are the Basic Brain Structures and Their Functions?
		3.4 The Ability to Study Brain Function Has Improved Dramatically
		3.5 The Brain Stem Houses the Basic Programs of Survival
		3.6 Subcortical Structures Control Emotions and Appetitive Behaviors
		3.7 The Cerebral Cortex Underlies Complex Mental Activity
		3.8 Splitting the Brain Splits the Mind
		3.9 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Are There “Left Brain” and “Right Brain” Types of People?
	How Does the Brain Communicate with the Body?
		3.10 The Peripheral Nervous System Includes the Somatic and Autonomic Systems
		3.11 The Endocrine System Communicates Through Hormones
	How Does the Brain Change?
		3.12 The Brain Rewires Itself Throughout Life
		3.13 The Brain Can Recover from Injury
		3.14 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Will a Learning Disability Prevent You from Succeeding in College?
	What Is the Genetic Basis of Psychological Science?
		3.15 All of Human Development Has a Genetic Basis
		3.16 Heredity Involves Passing Along Genes Through Reproduction
		3.17 Genes Affect Behavior
		3.18 Genetic Expression Can Be Modified
	Your Chapter Review
4. Consciousness
	What Is Consciousness?
		4.1 Brain Activity Gives Rise to Consciousness
		4.2 Consciousness Changes Following Brain Injury
		4.3 Conscious Awareness Involves Attention
		4.4 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Are People Affected by Subliminal Messages?
	What Is Sleep?
		4.5 Sleep Is an Altered State of Consciousness
		4.6 Sleep Disorders Interfere with Daily Life
		4.7 Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior
		4.8 People Dream While Sleeping
		4.9 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: How Can You Get a Good Night’s Sleep?
	What Is Altered Consciousness?
		4.10 Hypnosis Is Induced Through Suggestion
		4.11 Meditation Produces Relaxation
		4.12 People Can Lose Themselves in Activities
	How Do Drugs Affect Consciousness?
		4.13 Drugs Alter Brain Neurochemistry
		4.14 People Use—and  Abuse—Many Psychoactive Drugs
		4.15 Alcohol Abuse Is Responsible for Many Societal Problems
		4.16 Addiction Has Physical and Psychological Aspects
	Your Chapter Review
5. Sensation and Perception
	How Does Perception Emerge from Sensation?
		5.1 Sensory Information Is Translated into Meaningful Signals
		5.2 Detection Requires a Certain Amount of the Stimulus
		5.3 The Brain Constructs Stable Representations
		5.4 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Does ESP Exist?
	How Are We Able to See?
		5.5 Sensory Receptors in the Eye Transmit Visual Information to the Brain
		5.6 The Color of Light Is Determined by Its Wavelength
		5.7 Perceiving Objects Requires Organization of Visual Information
		5.8 Perception Is Guided by Cues in the Environment
	How Are We Able to Hear?
		5.9 Audition Results from Changes in Air Pressure
		5.10 Pitch Is Encoded by Frequency and Location
		5.11 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Are Your Listening Habits Damaging Your Hearing?
	How Are We Able to Taste?
		5.12 There Are Five Basic Taste Sensations
	How Are We Able to Smell?
		5.13 Smell Detects Odorants
	How Are We Able to Feel Touch and Pain?
		5.14 The Skin Contains Sensory Receptors for Touch and Pain
	Your Chapter Review
6. Learning
	How Do We Learn?
		6.1 Learning Results from Experience
		6.2 Habituation and Sensitization Are Models of Nonassociative Learning
	How Do We Learn Predictive Associations?
		6.3 Behavioral Responses Are Conditioned
		6.4 Learning Is Acquired and Persists Until Extinction
		6.5 Learning Is Based on Evolutionary Significance
		6.6 Learning Involves Expectancies and Prediction
		6.7 Phobias and Addictions Have Learned Components
	How Do Consequences of an Action Shape Behavior?
		6.8 Operant Condition Involves Active Learning
		6.9 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: How Do Superstitions Start?
		6.10 There Are Many Types of Reinforcement
		6.11 Operant Conditioning Is Influenced by Schedules of Reinforcement
		6.12 Punishment Decreases Behavior
		6.13 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: How Can Behavior Modification Help You Get in Shape?
		6.14 Biology and Cognition Influence Operant Conditioning
		6.15 Dopamine Activity Underlies Reinforcement
	How Do We Learn from Watching Others?
		6.16 Learning Can Occur Through Observation and Imitation
		6.17 Watching Violence in Media May Encourage Aggression
		6.18 Fear Can Be Learned Through Observation
		6.19 Mirror Neurons Are Activated by Watching Others
	Your Chapter Review
7. Memory
	What Is Memory?
		7.1 Memory Involves Processing Information
		7.2 Memory Is the Result of Brain Activity
		7.3 Memory Is Distributed Throughout the Brain
	How Are Memories Maintained over Time?
		7.4 Sensory Memory Is Brief
		7.5 Working Memory Is Active
		7.6 Long-Term  Memory Is Relatively Permanent
	How Is Information Organized in Long-Term Memory?
		7.7 Long-Term Storage Is Based on Meaning
		7.8 Information Is Stored in Association Networks
		7.9 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Can You Ace Exams Without Cramming?
	What Are the Different Long-Term Memory Systems?
		7.10 Explicit Memory Involves Conscious Effort
		7.11 Implicit Memory Occurs Without Deliberate Effort
	How Is Memory Flawed?
		7.12 Forgetting Is an Inability to Remember
		7.13 Persistence Is Unwanted Remembering
		7.14 People Reconstruct Events to Be Consistent
		7.15 People Make Source Misattributions
		7.16 Suggestibility Biases Memory
		7.17 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: How Accurate Are Eyewitnesses?
	Your Chapter Review
8. Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
	What Is Thought?
		8.1 Thinking Involves Two Types of Mental Representations
		8.2 Concepts Are Symbolic Representations
		8.3 Schemas Organize Useful Information About Environments
	How Do We Make Decisions and Solve Problems?
		8.4 Decision Making Often Involves Heuristics
		8.5 Emotions Influence Decision Making
		8.6 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Why Is It Hard to Resist a Sale?
		8.7 Problem Solving Achieves Goals
		8.8 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: How Can You Make Good Choices?
	What Is Language?
		8.9 Language Is a System of Communication Using Sounds and Symbols
		8.10 Language Develops in an Orderly Way
		8.11 There Is an Inborn Capacity for Language
		8.12 Reading Needs to Be Learned
	How Do We Understand Intelligence?
		8.13 Intelligence Is Measured with Standardized Tests
		8.14 General Intelligence Involves Multiple Components
		8.15 Intelligence Is Related to Cognitive Performance
		8.16 Genes and Environment Influence Intelligence
		8.17 Group Differences in Intelligence Have Multiple Determinants
	Your Chapter Review
9. Human Development
	What Factors Shape Infancy?
		9.1 Human Development Starts in the Womb
		9.2 Biology and Environment Influence Motor Development
		9.3 Infants Are Prepared to Learn
		9.4 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Does Mozart Make You Smarter?
		9.5 Infants Develop Attachments
	How Do Children Learn About the World?
		9.6 Piaget Emphasized Stages of Cognitive Development
		9.7 Piaget Underestimated Children’s Cognitive Abilities
		9.8 Children Learn from Interacting with Others
		9.9 Moral Development Begins in Childhood
	What Changes During Adolescence?
		9.10 Puberty Causes Physical Changes
		9.11 A Sense of Identity Forms
		9.12 Peers and Parents Help Shape the Adolescent Self
	What Brings Meaning in Adulthood?
		9.13 Adults Are Affected by Life Transitions
		9.14 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Would Parenthood Make You Happy?
		9.15 The Transition to Old Age Can Be Satisfying
		9.16 Cognition Changes with Age
	Your Chapter Review
10. Emotion and Motivation
	What Are Emotions?
		10.1 Emotions Vary in Valence and Arousal
		10.2 Emotions Have a Physiological Component
		10.3 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Are Lie Detector Tests Valid?
		10.4 There Are Three Major Theories of Emotion
		10.5 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: How Can You Control Your Emotions?
	How Are Emotions Adaptive?
		10.6 Facial Expressions Communicate Emotion
		10.7 Emotions Strengthen Interpersonal Relations
	How Are People Motivated?
		10.8 Drives Motivate the Satisfaction of Needs
		10.9 People Are Motivated by Incentives
		10.10 People Set Goals to Achieve
		10.11 People Have a Need to Belong
	What Motivates Eating?
		10.12 Many Physiological Factors Influence Eating
		10.13 Eating Is Influenced by Time and Taste
	What Motivates Sexual Behavior?
		10.14 Biology Influences Sexual Behavior
		10.15 Cultural Scripts and Cultural Rules Shape Sexual Interactions
		10.16 People Differ in Sexual Orientations
	Your Chapter Review
11. Health and Well-Being
	What Affects Health?
		11.1 Social Context, Biology, and Behavior Combine to Affect Health
		11.2 Obesity Has Many Health Consequences
		11.3 Dieting Is Seldom Effective and May Contribute to Eating Disorders
		11.4 Smoking Is a Leading Cause of Death
		11.5 Exercise Has Numerous Benefits
		11.6 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Why Are People Afraid of Flying but Not of Driving (or Smoking)?
	What Is Stress?
		11.7 Stress Is a Response to Life Events
		11.8 Stress Has Physiological Components
		11.9 There Are Sex Differences in How People Respond to Stressors
	How Does Stress Affect Health?
		11.10 Stress Disrupts the Immune System
		11.11 Stress Increases the Risk of Heart Disease
		11.12 Coping Reduces the Negative Health Effects of Stress
	Can a Positive Attitude Keep People Healthy?
		11.13 Being Positive Has Health Benefits
		11.14 Social Support Is Associated with Good Health
		11.15 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Can Psychology Improve Your Health?
	Your Chapter Review
12. Social Psychology
	How Does Group Membership Affect People?
		12.1 People Favor Their Own Groups
		12.2 Groups Influence Individual Behavior
		12.3 People Conform to and Comply with Others
		12.4 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Can Social Norms Marketing Reduce Binge Drinking?
		12.5 People Are Obedient to Authority
	When Do People Harm or Help Others?
		12.6 Many Factors Can Influence Aggression
		12.7 Many Factors Can Influence Helping Behavior
		12.8 Cooperation Can Reduce Outgroup Bias
	How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior?
		12.9 People Form Attitudes Through Experience and Socialization
		12.10 Discrepancies Lead to Dissonance
		12.11 Attitudes Can Be Changed Through Persuasion
	How Do People Think About Others?
		12.12 People Make Judgments About Others
		12.13 Stereotypes Can Lead to Prejudice and Discrimination
		12.14 Prejudice Can Be Reduced
	What Determines the Quality of Relationships?
		12.15 Situational and Personal Factors Influence Interpersonal Attraction and Friendships
		12.16 Love Is an Important Component of Romantic Relationships
		12.17 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: How Can Psychology Rekindle the Romance in Your Relationship?
	Your Chapter Review
13. Personality
	Where Does Personality Come From?
		13.1 Genetic Factors Influence the Development of Personality
		13.2 Temperaments Are Evident in Infancy
	What Are the Theories of Personality?
		13.3 Psychodynamic Theories Emphasize Unconscious and Dynamic Processes
		13.4 Personality Reflects Learning and Cognition
		13.5 Humanistic Approaches Emphasize Integrated Personal Experience
		13.6 Trait Approaches Describe Behavioral Dispositions
		13.7 Traits Have a Biological Basis
	How Stable Is Personality?
		13.8 People Sometimes Are Inconsistent
		13.9 Development and Life Events Alter Personality Traits
		13.10 Culture Influences Personality
	How Is Personality Assessed?
		13.11 Researchers Use Multiple Methods to Assess Personality
		13.12 Observers Show Accuracy in Trait Judgments
		13.13 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: What Personality Traits Should You Look for in a Roommate?
	How Do We Know Our Own Personalities?
		13.14 Our Self-Concepts Consist of Self-Knowledge
		13.15 Perceived Social Regard Influences Self-Esteem
		13.16 People Use Mental Strategies to Maintain a Positive Sense of Self
		13.17 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Are There Cultural Differences in the Self-Serving Bias?
	Your Chapter Review
14. Psychological Disorders
	How Are Psychological Disorders Conceptualized and Classified?
		14.1 Views on Psychopathology Have Changed over Time
		14.2 Psychological Disorders Are Classified into Categories
		14.3 Psychological Disorders Have Many Causes
		14.4 Psychological Disorders Vary by Sex and by Culture
	Which Disorders Emphasize Emotional States?
		14.5 Anxiety Disorders Make People Fearful and Tense
		14.6 Unwanted and Intrusive Thoughts Increase Anxiety
		14.7 Depressive Disorders Consist of Sad, Empty, or Irritable Moods
		14.8 Bipolar Disorders Involve Depression and Mania
		14.9 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: You Think Your Friend Might Be Suicidal. What Should You Do?
	Which Disorders Emphasize Thought Disturbances?
		14.10 Dissociative Disorders Are Disruptions in Memory, Awareness, and Identity
		14.11 Schizophrenia Involves a Disconnection from Reality
		14.12 The Cause of Schizophrenia Involves Biological and Environmental Factors
	What Are Personality Disorders?
		14.13 Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive Ways of Relating to the World
		14.14 Borderline Personality Disorder Is Associated with Poor Self-Control
		14.15 Antisocial Personality Disorder Is Associated with a Lack of Empathy
	Which Psychological Disorders Are Prominent in Childhood?
		14.16 Autistic Spectrum Disorder Involves Social Deficits and Restricted Interests
		14.17 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Why Do People Believe Vaccinations Cause Autism?
		14.18 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is a Disruptive Impulse Control Disorder
	Your Chapter Review
15. Treatment of Psychological Disorders
	How Are Psychological Disorders Treated?
		15.1 Various Methods Have Been Used to Treat Psychopathology
		15.2 Psychodynamic Therapy Seeks to Reduce Unconscious Conflicts
		15.3 Behavioral and Cognitive Treatments Aim to Change Behavior, Emotion, or Thought Directly
		15.4 The Context of Therapy Matters
		15.5 Medication Is Effective for Certain Disorders
		15.6 Alternative Biological Treatments Are Used in Extreme Cases
		15.7 Effectiveness of Treatment Is Determined by Empirical Evidence
		15.8 Various Providers Can Assist in Treatment for Psychological Disorders
		15.9 USING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: How Do You Find a Therapist Who Can Help You?
	What Are the Most Effective Treatments?
		15.10 Treatments That Focus on Behavior and on Cognition Are Superior for Anxiety Disorders
		15.11 Both Antidepressants and CBT Are Effective for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
		15.12 Many Effective Treatments Are Available for Depressive Disorders
		15.13 THINK LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST: Should You Trust Studies Sponsored by Drug Companies?
		15.14 Lithium and Atypical Antipsychotics Are Most Effective for Bipolar Disorder
		15.15 Antipsychotics Are Superior for Schizophrenia
	Can Personality Disorders Be Treated?
		15.16 Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is Most Successful for Borderline Personality Disorder
		15.17 Antisocial Personality Disorder Is Extremely Difficult to Treat
	How Should Childhood and Adolescent Disorders Be Treated?
		15.18 Children with ADHD Can Benefit from Various Approaches
		15.19 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Benefit from Structured Behavioral Treatment
		15.20 The Use of Medication to Treat Adolescent Depressive Disorders Is Controversial
	Your Chapter Review
Glossary
References
Practice Tests
Permissions Acknowledgments
Name Index
Subject Index