Psychological Factors and Cardiovascular Disorders: The Role of Stress and Psychosocial Influences

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS: THE ROLE OF STRESS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL INFLUENCES......Page 3
NOTICE TO THE READER......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Introduction......Page 17
Diabetes Mellitus......Page 18
Hypertension......Page 20
Cholesterol......Page 23
Multiple Risk Factors......Page 24
Indices of Subclinical Atherosclerosis......Page 25
Pulse Wave Velocity and Pulse Pressure......Page 26
Endothelial Function......Page 28
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities......Page 30
Diuretics......Page 31
Statins......Page 32
Cerebrovascular Risk and Structural Brain Abnormalities......Page 33
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery......Page 34
Valve Replacement Surgery......Page 36
Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Stenting......Page 37
Reference List......Page 39
Introduction......Page 55
Acute Pathophysiological Consequences of Psychological Stress: General Internal Triggering Mechanisms......Page 58
Myocardial Ischemia......Page 61
Acute Coronary Syndrome......Page 62
Cardiac Arrhythmias......Page 63
Apical Ballooning Syndrome......Page 65
Conclusions......Page 66
References......Page 68
Introduction......Page 77
Faith, Spirituality, Religion......Page 79
Personal Contribution......Page 81
Prayer......Page 82
Trascendental Meditation......Page 83
A New Doctor-Client Relationship......Page 84
References......Page 85
Introduction......Page 91
Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 92
Subacute and Chronic Stress......Page 93
Chronic Psychological States......Page 94
Genetics and Additional Moderators......Page 95
Conclusion......Page 96
References......Page 97
Introduction......Page 103
Emotion and Defense Reaction......Page 104
Sympathetic Vasomotor Outflow in Human Muscle and Skin Nerves......Page 105
Cardiovascular Responses to Psycho-emotional Stress......Page 106
The Effect of Psycho-emotional Stress on Resistance and Capacitance Blood Vessels of the Extremities......Page 107
The Effect of Mental Arithmetic on Muscle and Skin Blood Flows......Page 108
Active Venoconstriction......Page 109
Hypertension......Page 110
Different Pattern of Vasomotor Reactions to Psycho-emotional Load in Patients with Chronic Myocardial Infarction......Page 111
Sympathetically Mediated Effects of Psycho-emotional Stress on Electrophysiological Parameters of the Heart......Page 112
The Effect of Psycho-emotional Stress on Repolarization Parameters of the Body Surface Potential Maps......Page 113
Primary Changes in Ventricular Repolarization Related to Blood Pressure Values in the Normal Range......Page 114
Sleeping and Waking......Page 115
Feeding Response......Page 117
Circadian and Ultradian Blood Pressure and HeartRate Rhythms in Neonates......Page 118
Concluding Remarks......Page 119
Non Auditory Effects of Urban Noise in Children......Page 120
Conclusion......Page 121
References......Page 122
Cardiac Response......Page 129
The Orienting Response......Page 131
The Cardiac Orienting Response......Page 133
The Defence Response......Page 135
The Cardiac Defence Response......Page 136
Defence Response to Complex (but Symbolic) Threats......Page 139
The Brain Fear System......Page 142
Conclusions......Page 145
References......Page 146
Introduction......Page 155
Cortisol and the HPA Axis......Page 158
Exposure to Traumatic Events and CVD......Page 159
Behavioral Mechanisms......Page 160
Caregivers......Page 161
Nurses......Page 164
Physicians......Page 165
Emergency Medical Technicians......Page 166
Air Traffic Controllers......Page 167
Firefighters......Page 168
CVD in Firefighters......Page 169
Police Officers......Page 170
PTSD and Metabolic Syndrome among Police Officers......Page 172
Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 173
References......Page 174
Introduction......Page 187
Epidemiology......Page 188
A Novel Theoretical Contribution......Page 189
Conclusions......Page 191
References......Page 192
Cardiovascular Reactivity and Disease......Page 197
Psychological Variables and Cardiovascular Reactivity......Page 199
Motivational Intensity Theory......Page 200
Self-Involvement and Effort-Related Cardiovascular Response: Empirical Evidence......Page 201
Social Evaluation Effects......Page 202
Self-Evaluation Effects......Page 204
Important Personal Goals......Page 205
Outlook and Conclusions......Page 206
References......Page 207
Introduction......Page 211
Ability Perception, Engagement, and CV Response: Traditional Conceptions......Page 212
Our Ability Analysis......Page 213
Implications for Fatigue......Page 214
Ability Studies......Page 215
Studies of Fatigue......Page 217
Fatigue and Health......Page 224
Unresolved Issues......Page 225
References......Page 226
Abstract......Page 229
Biomedical Context of Cardiovascular Disease and Culture......Page 230
Indigenous American Conception of the Heart and Health......Page 232
A Pueblo Cultural Dianostic......Page 235
A Sioux Cultural Diagnostic......Page 236
A Quechua Iachak’s Disagnosis and Remedy......Page 237
Hermeneutic Analysis......Page 240
Indigenous Lifestyle Factors......Page 242
Some Implications for Comprehensive Prevention Planning......Page 247
Conclusion......Page 248
References......Page 249
Introduction......Page 253
History and Background (Africans Refer to Black Africans Unless Otherwise Indicated)......Page 254
Neuro-Endocrine Activity......Page 255
The Stress Response......Page 259
Stress Hormone Ratios......Page 263
Cardiovascular Function......Page 264
Cardiovascular Risk Factors......Page 265
Interaction between Stress Hormones and Cardiovascular Function......Page 267
Interaction between Coping Styles andC ardiovascular Function......Page 268
Interaction between Coping Styles and Stress Hormones......Page 269
Conclusion......Page 270
References......Page 271
Abstract......Page 279
Model, Symptoms and/Or Associated Changes with Sudden Death......Page 280
Mechanisms for Risk of SUDEP......Page 286
Risk Factors for SUDEP......Page 298
Stress and Sudden Death......Page 300
Prevention of Sudden Death......Page 302
Needed Studies......Page 309
References......Page 311
Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Exercise Training, and Fitness on Psychological Distress......Page 329
Impact of Exercise Training......Page 330
Exercise Training and Psychological Distress......Page 331
Psychological Distress and Mortality......Page 337
Mechanisms......Page 339
Conclusion......Page 340
References......Page 341
Introduction......Page 347
Survival and Quality Of Life Outcomes with the ICD......Page 348
Common Presenting Concerns for ICD Patients......Page 349
Common Cognitive Concerns......Page 350
Beyond the Normative Experience: Psychopathology in the ICD Patient Population......Page 353
Anxiety and Post-Traumatic Stress......Page 354
Type D Personality......Page 355
Addressing Patient Adjustment with Education......Page 356
Conclusion......Page 358
References......Page 360
Abstract......Page 367
Introduction......Page 368
The Risk Factor Debate......Page 369
Evidence of Underestimation from Coronary Calcium Studies......Page 372
Evidence of Underestimation from Autopsy Studies......Page 375
Other Imaging Evidence of Problems with Traditional Risk Factors......Page 376
Atherosclerosis and Young Individuals......Page 377
Stress and Atherosclerosis......Page 378
Ranking Stress among the Risk Factors for CHD......Page 380
The Challenge—Identification and Quantification of Stress in the Office Setting......Page 382
In Search of the Best Protocol for the Identification of CHD Risk......Page 383
Conclusions......Page 385
References......Page 387
Abstract......Page 397
Effects of Cardiac Rehabilition......Page 398
Predictors of Women's Participation in Cardiac Rehabilition......Page 399
Effects of Psychosocial Interventions......Page 400
Characteristics and Needs of Women with CHD......Page 401
Minimization of Symptoms and Treatment Delay......Page 402
Conclusion and Recommendation......Page 403
References......Page 405
Abstract......Page 409
Music Therapy and Invasive Procedures/MusicTherapy in Cardiology......Page 410
Music Therapy and Angiography/Heart Catheterization......Page 411
Methods......Page 414
Physiological Variables......Page 416
Psychological Variables......Page 418
Discussion of the Study and Further Investigation......Page 420
Conclusion......Page 421
References......Page 422
Abstract......Page 425
Reducing Psychosocial Stress......Page 426
Reducing CVD Risk and Symptoms......Page 427
Nature and Origin of the Transcendental Meditation Technique......Page 431
References......Page 434
Introduction......Page 439
Ancient Times......Page 440
Renaissance......Page 441
The Twentieth Century......Page 442
References......Page 443
Index......Page 447