Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease) and Its Eradication

PSEUDORABIES (AUJESZKY’S DISEASE) AND ITS ERADICATION......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
FOREWORD......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 11
TIMELINE AND MILESTONES......Page 12
THE CHANGING SWINE INDUSTRY......Page 18
COEXISTENCE, 1813–1960S......Page 22
HISTORY OF EMERGENCE OF THE VIRULENT FORM OF THE DISEASE......Page 24
THE VIRUS......Page 26
HOST RANGE......Page 28
TRANSMISSION......Page 29
LATENCY......Page 30
IMMUNITY......Page 31
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 33
PATHOLOGY......Page 36
Illinois......Page 38
IOWA......Page 39
HISTORY......Page 40
DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES AND DIAGNOSTICS......Page 41
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF THIS TECHNOLOGY......Page 43
Case-by-Case Accomplishments......Page 44
General Licensing Requirements for Vaccines......Page 46
Additional Requirements for Gene-Altered Vaccines......Page 47
General Licensing Requirements for Diagnostics......Page 48
Approval of PRV Diagnostic Tests......Page 49
Livestock Conservation Institute/National Institute for Animal Agriculture......Page 52
The Seventh Draft Eradication Plan......Page 54
Pseudorabies Control Board......Page 55
United States Animal Health Association......Page 56
State/Producer Pseudorabies Advisory Committees......Page 59
Stage I – Preparation......Page 60
Stage V – Free......Page 61
PILOT PROJECTS......Page 62
Illinois......Page 63
Iowa......Page 67
Pennsylvania......Page 69
Wisconsin......Page 71
DEBATE ON NEED AND PHILOSOPHY OF PROGRAM’S DEVELOPMENT......Page 74
JOINT PARTICIPATION AND DECISIONMAKING......Page 75
THE ROLE OF THE NATION’S PORK PRODUCERS......Page 76
THE ROLE OF THE NATION’S VETERINARIANS......Page 80
SURVEILLANCE AND CASE FINDING......Page 82
Area Testing......Page 83
First-Point Testing......Page 84
Slaughter Surveillance......Page 85
Monitoring at Diagnostic Laboratories......Page 87
Meat Juice Testing......Page 88
Feral Swine Monitoring......Page 91
HERD CLEANUP OPTIONS......Page 92
Eradication Network......Page 94
Routine Reporting Elements and Channels......Page 95
Systems for Managing Pseudorabies Data at the State Level......Page 96
LABORATORIES......Page 97
THE IOWA EFFORT......Page 98
THE NORTH CAROLINA EFFORT......Page 104
CERTIFIED ACCREDITED VETERINARIANS......Page 106
CHALLENGES OF CARCASS DISPOSAL......Page 107
ACCELERATED PSEUDORABIES ERADICATION PROGRAM......Page 108
THE INDIANA EXPERIENCE......Page 116
THE MINNESOTA EXPERIENCE......Page 119
THE NEBRASKA EXPERIENCE......Page 122
THE PENNSYLVANIA EXPERIENCE......Page 125
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY......Page 130
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY......Page 134
DEFINING THE PROBLEM......Page 136
FERAL SWINE PILOT PROJECT......Page 138
CHARACTERIZATION OF PSEUDORABIES IN FERAL SWINE......Page 140
REGULATORY ISSUES......Page 141
FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 142
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN......Page 144
PORK PRODUCERS......Page 152
STATE ANIMAL HEALTH OFFICIALS......Page 153
WORKING TOGETHER......Page 154
PILOT PROJECTS......Page 155
COMPLIANCE INVESTIGATORS......Page 156
MANDATORY PROGRAM......Page 157
BIOSECURITY......Page 158
READINESS FOR AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE......Page 159
FINAL THOUGHTS......Page 160
SELECTED REFERENCES......Page 162
History......Page 166
2. Latency......Page 167
4. Infection in the presence of neutralizing antibodies......Page 168
Clinical Signs......Page 169
Transmission......Page 170
Vaccines......Page 171
Control Programs......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 173
Other Pseudorabies Information Available from Livestock Conservation Institute......Page 175
Other Swine Industry Educational Materials Available from Livestock Conservation Institute......Page 176
GUIDELINES FOR ERADICATING PSEUDORABIES FROM A SWINE HERD......Page 178
Factors to Consider......Page 179
Selecting a Strategy to Eliminate Herd Infection......Page 180
Stop Spread in Grow-Finish......Page 181
Plans for Removal from the Breeding Herd......Page 182
Offspring Segregation......Page 183
Considerations, planning......Page 184
Depopulation......Page 185
Cleanup......Page 186
Other Pseudorabies Information Available from Livestock Conservation Institute......Page 187
Other Swine Industry Educational Materials Available from Livestock Conservation Institute......Page 188
INTRODUCTION......Page 190
Approved Feeder-Pig Market......Page 191
Direct Shipment......Page 192
Isolation......Page 193
Official Pseudorabies Epidemiologist......Page 194
Official Random-Sample (95/5)......Page 195
Pseudorabies-Monitored Feeder-Pig Herd......Page 196
State/Area......Page 197
Surveillance Index......Page 198
Veterinary Services......Page 199
D. Notifying the Community of Pseudorabies-Infected Herds and Quarantined Feedlots......Page 200
F. Administrative Review of Program Activities......Page 201
A. To qualify for Stage I recognition, the application for Program status shall provide documentation that the following standards are met......Page 202
A. To qualify for Stage II recognition, the application for Program status shall provide documentation that the following standards are met......Page 203
Stage III - Mandatory Herd Cleanup......Page 204
B. During Stage III......Page 205
E. Swine import requirements are as follows......Page 206
B. In addition, the State must document that......Page 207
B. QN breeding herd status may be maintained by annual pseudorabies testing as follows......Page 208
C. Reestablishment of QN breeding herd status following confirmation of infection in the herd......Page 209
A. Establishment of a QNV herd from a non-pseudorabies-vaccinated breeding herd of unknown pseudorabies status......Page 210
D. QNV breeding herd status may be maintained by annual pseudorabies testing as follows......Page 211
C. A remote growout nursery to which pigs have been moved within 1 week of weaning from a pseudorabies-monitored vaccinated feeder-pig herd may qualify as a......Page 212
Subpart VI - Quarantine Release Procedures......Page 213
REFERENCES......Page 214
Part I, Definitions......Page 216
Part III, Stage V (Free)......Page 217
Approved Feeder-Pig Market......Page 218
Common Ground......Page 219
Feral or Wild Swine......Page 220
Livestock......Page 221
Official Pseudorabies Serologic Test......Page 222
Official Random-Sample Test (95/5)......Page 223
Pseudorabies Virus Vaccinates......Page 224
State Animal Health Official......Page 225
Surveillance Index......Page 226
Veterinary Services......Page 227
D. Notifying the Community of Pseudorabies-Virus-Infected Herds and Quarantined Feedlots......Page 228
G. Application for Program Status......Page 229
A. To qualify for Stage I recognition, the application for Program status shall provide documentation that the following standards are met......Page 230
Stage II - Control......Page 231
A. To qualify for Stage II recognition, the application for Program status shall provide documentation that the following standards are met......Page 232
B. Disposition of quarantined herds......Page 233
A. To qualify for Stage III recognition, the application for Program status shall provide documentation as follows......Page 234
B. During Stage III......Page 235
Stage IV - Surveillance......Page 236
E. Swine import requirements shall be as follows......Page 237
G. Duration of status......Page 238
B. In addition, the State must document that......Page 239
A. Establishment of a qualified pseudorabies-negative (QN) breeding herd......Page 240
B. QN breeding herd status may be maintained by monthly or quarterly pseudorabies testing as follows......Page 241
D. Establishment and maintenance of QN growout premises on which no adult breeding swine are maintained......Page 242
A. Monitored status in Stage II States or Areas......Page 243
C. All swine positive to an official pseudorabiesserologic test or an approved differential pseudorabies test have been removed from the premises; all breeding swine that remain in the herd and an official random sample (95/10) of grower-finishing swine over 2 months of age are subjected to an official (or approved differential)......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
INTRODUCTION......Page 246
Stage 1 - Preparation......Page 247
Stage 2 - Control......Page 248
Stage 3B - Mandatory Herd Cleanup, Phase 2......Page 249
Stage 4 - Class A......Page 250
Free Status......Page 251
APPENDIX VI: VS FORM 7-1, QUARTERLYREPORT OF PSEUDORABIES CONTROL/ ERADICATION ACTIVITIES......Page 252
APPENDIX VII: LIST OF U.S. STATES AND TERRITORIES QUALIFYING FOR PRV STAGE V (FREE) STATUS......Page 254
APPENDIX VIII: MAP OF THE UNITED STATES (48 CONTIGUOUS STATES)......Page 256
APPENDIX IX: NATIONAL PSEUDORABIES CONTROL BOARD CHECKLIST FOR APPLYING FOR STAGE III, IV OR V (FREE)......Page 258
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS......Page 262
INDEX......Page 268