Protoplanetary Dust: Astrophysical and Cosmochemical Perspectives (Cambridge Planetary Science, 12)

Half-title
......Page 3
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Contributing authors......Page 13
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 20
1 Planet formation and protoplanetary dust......Page 21
1.1 Types of extraterrestrial material available......Page 22
1.2 Chronology of planet formation......Page 26
1.3 Protostellar collapse......Page 28
1.4 Structural evolution of protoplanetary disks......Page 29
1.5 Chemical evolution of the gas disks......Page 31
1.6 Laboratory dust analogs......Page 32
1.7 Dust composition in protoplanetary disks......Page 33
1.8 Dust coagulation......Page 34
1.9 Thermal processing of the pre-planetary material......Page 35
1.10 Dispersal of protoplanetary disks......Page 37
1.11 Accretion of planetesimals and rocky planets......Page 38
1.12.1 How typical is the Solar System?......Page 39
1.12.3 Transition from protoplanetary disks to debris disks......Page 40
1.12.5 The supernova explosion and the Sun's natal environment......Page 41
1.12.7  Chondrule formation......Page 42
1.12.9 Origin of the bulk planet composition: volatile delivery and terrestrial Mg/Si ratio......Page 43
References......Page 44
2 The origins of protoplanetary dust and the formation of accretion disks......Page 47
2.1 Dust in the interstellar medium......Page 48
2.1.1 Nature and origin of the dust in the ISM......Page 49
2.1.2 Cycle of matter from stars to the ISM to the Solar System......Page 53
2.1.3 Sources and destruction of dust in the ISM......Page 56
2.1.4 Element abundances......Page 59
2.2 Presolar grains in primitive Solar System materials......Page 60
2.2.1 Types of presolar grains......Page 62
2.2.2 Carbonaceous dust......Page 64
2.2.3 Oxygen-rich dust......Page 66
2.2.4 Stellar sources......Page 69
2.3.1 Protostars and protostellar collapse......Page 72
2.3.2 Disk formation......Page 74
2.3.3 Young stellar objects......Page 77
2.3.4 Dust composition and chemistry......Page 79
References......Page 82
3 Evolution of protoplanetary disk structures......Page 86
3.1.1 Disk masses......Page 87
3.1.2 Disk sizes......Page 88
3.1.3 Disk clumpiness......Page 89
3.2.1 Viscous evolution and mass accretion through the disk......Page 90
3.2.2 A simple recipe for the radial structure......Page 92
3.2.3 Heating/Cooling balance......Page 93
3.2.4 Vertical structure......Page 95
3.2.5 Sources of viscosity......Page 96
3.2.6 Disk evolution and photoevaporation......Page 98
3.3 Particle dynamics......Page 100
3.3.1 Turbulent diffusion......Page 101
3.3.2 Gas-drag-induced motions......Page 102
3.3.3 Vertical motions......Page 104
3.4.1 Dust distribution......Page 105
3.4.2 Chondritic meteorites......Page 106
3.4.3 Cometary grains......Page 108
3.4.4 Evaporation fronts......Page 110
3.5 Summary......Page 112
References......Page 113
4 Chemical and isotopic evolution of the solar nebula and protoplanetary disks......Page 117
4.1.1 Global evolutionary picture of disk chemical structure......Page 119
4.1.2 Observational constraints on composition of gas and ices......Page 121
4.1.3 Nebular photoprocesses......Page 125
4.1.4 Cold gas-phase chemistry......Page 126
4.1.5 Freeze-out of gas-phase molecules......Page 128
4.1.7 Surface formation of complex species......Page 129
4.2 Chemical constraints from early Solar System materials......Page 130
4.3 Isotopic anomalies and condensation sequence......Page 131
4.4 Oxygen isotopes......Page 133
4.4.1 CO self-shielding......Page 136
4.4.2 Oxygen isotopic fractionation in silicates......Page 139
4.4.3 Isotopic anomalies due to oxidation on grain surfaces......Page 141
4.5 Summary......Page 142
References......Page 143
5 Laboratory studies of simple dust analogs in astrophysical environments......Page 148
5.1 Dust-analog synthesis......Page 151
5.1.1 Vapor condensation, electrical discharge, and laser pyrolysis......Page 152
5.1.2 Melt solidification, sol-gel reactions, Czochralski, and floating-zone methods......Page 154
5.2.1 Spectroscopy......Page 156
5.2.2 Electron microscopy......Page 158
5.3.1 Thermal annealing......Page 160
5.3.2 Ion irradiation......Page 162
5.4.1 Efficiency of crystalline grain growth in stars......Page 163
5.4.2 Metastable eutectic condensation and magnesium-rich minerals in astrophysics......Page 165
5.4.3 Prediction of large-scale nebular circulation......Page 167
5.5.1 Amorphous dust grains as catalysts for the reduction of CO and N2......Page 169
5.5.2 Catalytic effects of dust on synthesis of biomolecules......Page 173
5.6 Conclusion......Page 175
References......Page 177
6 Dust composition in protoplanetary disks......Page 181
6.1.1 Condensation sequences......Page 182
6.1.2 Depletions in the gas phase......Page 183
6.2.1 Measurements of elemental composition......Page 184
6.2.4 Infrared spectroscopy......Page 185
6.3.2 Presolar grains in meteorites......Page 186
6.3.3 Primitive interplanetary dust particles......Page 187
6.3.4 Grains from Comet 81P/Wild 2......Page 188
6.3.5 Deep Impact results......Page 189
6.4 Remote sensing of dust around young stars and in comets......Page 190
6.4.1 Limitations......Page 193
6.4.2 Analysis methods......Page 195
Crystalline silicates......Page 197
Amorphous silicates......Page 198
Amorphous and graphite elemental carbon......Page 200
Diamonds......Page 201
Organic carbon......Page 202
Carbonates......Page 203
Sulfides......Page 204
6.6 Processing history of grains as derived from the dust composition......Page 205
References......Page 206
7 Dust particle size evolution......Page 211
7.1 Dust coagulation in the Solar System and in extrasolar protoplanetary disks......Page 212
7.2.1 What is considered evidence for protoplanetary dust coagulation?......Page 213
7.2.3 "Large'' and "small'' particles......Page 215
7.3 Coagulation basics......Page 216
7.4 Laboratory simulations of dust coagulation......Page 217
7.5 Observational tracers of grain coagulation......Page 218
7.5.1 The inverse problem......Page 219
7.5.2 Mid-infrared silicate features......Page 220
7.5.3 Visible and infrared scattering......Page 222
7.5.4 Millimeter spectral slope......Page 223
7.5.5 Particle growth and the presence of very small grains and PAHs......Page 224
7.6 Chondritic meteorites......Page 226
7.6.1 Fine-grained materials from the early Solar System......Page 227
7.6.2 Chondritic meteorites......Page 228
7.6.3 Carbonaceous chondrites......Page 230
7.6.4 Summary of key observations......Page 232
7.7 What do chondrite matrices tell us about the grain sizeof nebular dust?......Page 234
7.8 Dust coagulation: how and when?......Page 237
7.9 Constraints on dust coagulation from amorphous silicates......Page 239
7.10 When did dust coagulation occur?......Page 241
7.11 Astronomical versus meteoritic constraints......Page 243
References......Page 246
8 Thermal processing in protoplanetary nebulae......Page 250
8.1.1 Thermal annealing of silicate grains......Page 251
8.1.2 Condensation......Page 252
8.2 Observations of thermal processing in protoplanetary disks......Page 254
8.2.1 Crystalline silicates in disks: the missing parameter......Page 255
8.2.2 Crystallinity – the radial dependence......Page 256
8.2.3 High-temperature products around cool stars......Page 257
8.2.4 Runaway disk accretion and the Fu Ori disks......Page 258
8.2.5 Transition disks......Page 260
8.3 Thermal processing in the Solar System: chondrites......Page 261
8.3.1 Refractory inclusions......Page 265
8.3.2 Chondrules......Page 266
8.3.3 Chondritic matrix......Page 268
8.3.4 Interplanetary dust particles......Page 269
8.4.1 Shock waves......Page 270
8.4.2 X-Ray flares......Page 272
8.4.3 X-Wind......Page 273
8.4.5 Impacts......Page 274
8.4.6 Outward transport......Page 275
8.5 How would Solar System formation look to an outside observer......Page 276
8.6 Promising future experiments......Page 277
References......Page 278
9.1 The observed lifetime of protoplanetary disks......Page 283
9.1.1 Constraints on the dispersal of the dust component......Page 284
9.1.2 Constraints on the dispersal of the gas component......Page 289
9.1.3 Transition and evolved disks......Page 293
9.2 Disk dispersal processes......Page 294
9.3.1 Constraints from the meteoritic components......Page 297
9.3.2 Constraints from planets......Page 305
9.4 Discussion......Page 308
References......Page 312
10 Accretion of planetesimals and the formation of rocky planets......Page 319
10.1.2 Chemical and isotopic compositionsof the inner planets and asteroids......Page 320
10.1.3 Cosmochemical timescale constraints......Page 323
10.2 Planetesimal formation......Page 324
10.2.1 Turbulence in the nebula......Page 325
10.2.2 The meter-size barrier......Page 326
10.2.3 Planetesimal formation via gravitational instability......Page 329
10.2.4 Particle concentration......Page 330
10.3.1 Runaway growth......Page 332
10.3.2 Oligarchic growth......Page 333
10.3.3 Post-oligarchic growth......Page 334
10.3.4 Migration of rocky planets......Page 336
10.3.5 Chemical evolution of rocky bodies......Page 338
10.4.1 Effect of giant planets on inner Solar System accretion......Page 341
10.4.2 Formation of the Asteroid Belt......Page 344
10.5 Summary......Page 348
References......Page 350
Aluminum-rich chondrules......Page 356
Metals and sulfides......Page 357
A1.2 Composition of common minerals in the Solar System......Page 358
A2.1 Secondary ion mass spectrometry......Page 360
A2.1.1 Resonance ionization mass spectrometry......Page 362
Appendix 3 Basics of light absorption and scattering theory......Page 363
Glossary......Page 369
Index......Page 383