Protein Reviews – Purinergic Receptors: Volume 20 (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1111)

Preface
Contents
The Phox Homology (PX) Domain
	1 Introduction
	2 The Structure of the PX Domain and Its Canonical Interaction with PtdIns3P
	3 Non-canonical Lipid Binding by PX Domains
	4 Intermolecular Protein-Protein Interactions Mediated by PX Domains
	5 Embellishments of the PX Domain
	6 Coordination of the PX Domain with Other Functional Modules
	7 Coincidence Detection by PX Domain Proteins
	8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Modeling of PH Domains and Phosphoinositides Interactions and Beyond
	1 Introduction
	2 Sequence and Structural Conservation of PH Domains
	3 PH Domains Binds to the Lipid Phosphoinositie
	4 Binding Specificities of PH Domains with PIs
	5 Prediction of the Binding Sites of PIs
	6 MD Simulations of the Interactions Between PH Domains and PIs
	7 Computer-Aided Drug Design Based on PH Domains
		7.1 PH Domains and Diseases
		7.2 Inhibitors Design for PH Domains
	8 Conclusion
	References
BAR Domain Proteins Regulate Rho GTPase Signaling
	1 Introduction
	2 BAR Domains
	3 BAR Proteins with RhoGEF Activity
	4 BAR Proteins with RhoGAP Activity
		4.1 GRAF1
		4.2 The GRAF1-Like RhoGAPs ARHGAP10 and ARHGAP42
		4.3 Oligophrenin
		4.4 RICH/SH3BP1
	5 HMHA-1, Gmip and ARHGAP29
		5.1 srGAP and ARHGAP4
	6 BAR Proteins as Effectors for Rho GTPases
		6.1 CIP4 Family of F-BAR Proteins
		6.2 I-BAR Proteins
		6.3 Bin
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
AP180 N-Terminal Homology (ANTH) and Epsin N-Terminal Homology (ENTH) Domains: Physiological Functions and Involvement in Dise...
	1 Introduction
	2 Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
	3 Identification and Functional Roles of ANTH/ENTH Proteins in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
		3.1 AP180 and Clathrin Assembly Lymphoid Myeloid Leukemia Protein (CALM)
		3.2 Other ANTH Proteins - Huntingtin-Interacting Protein 1 and Its Related Protein
		3.3 ENTH Domain-Containing Proteins
	4 ANTH/ENTH Domain: Structure and Biochemical Functions
		4.1 Structural Basis of Phosphoinositide Recognition
		4.2 Specificity and Affinity
		4.3 Membrane Deformation Activity and Its Structural Basis
		4.4 Interaction with Other Proteins
	5 Involvement in Human Diseases
		5.1 Involvement of PICALM in Leukemia and Alzheimer Disease
		5.2 Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer Disease
		5.3 Identification of PICALM Variants as Risk-Susceptible Loci for Alzheimer Disease
		5.4 PICALM Variants and Alzheimer Disease Pathology
		5.5 Functional Roles of CALM in Alzheimer Disease
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Polyphosphoinositide-Binding Domains: Insights from Peripheral Membrane and Lipid-Transfer Proteins
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis and Subcellular Distribution of PPIn Lipids
	3 General Features of Membrane Binding by Peripheral Proteins
	4 Principles of PPIn-Protein Interactions
	5 The Diversity of Eukaryotic PPIn-Binding Domains
		5.1 PH Domains
		5.2 PH Domain-Like Folds: PTB, PDZ, GRAM, GLUE, and FERM Domains
		5.3 PX Domains
		5.4 FYVE Domains
		5.5 C2 Domains
		5.6 Tubby Domains
		5.7 PROPPINs
		5.8 ENTH, ANTH, and BAR Domains
	6 PPIn-Interacting Domains from Prokaryotic Effector Proteins
	7 Non-vesicular Lipid Transport and PPIn-Coordinating Lipid-Transfer Domains
		7.1 PtdIns4P Transport by ORPs
		7.2 PtdIns Interactions with LTPs
			7.2.1 Sec14-Like PITP Domains
			7.2.2 StARkin-Related PITP Domains
	8 Summary and Perspectives
	References
Physiological Functions of Phosphoinositide-Modifying Enzymes and Their Interacting Proteins in Arabidopsis
	1 Introduction
	2 Structures of Phosphoinositide-Modifying Enzymes
		2.1 Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase
		2.2 Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase
		2.3 Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate 5-Kinases
		2.4 Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinases
		2.5 Suppressor of Actin Phosphatases (SAC), Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Phosphoinositid...
		2.6 Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase Cs
	3 Sub-Cellular Localization of Plant Phosphoinositides in Arabidopsis
	4 Physiological Function of PI-Modifying Enzymes
		4.1 Controlling Exocytosis and Endocytosis
		4.2 Controlling Polarization of the PM Proteins
		4.3 Pollen Development and Pollen Tube Growth
		4.4 Root Hair Elongation
		4.5 Stress Response
		4.6 Stomatal Opening and Closing
		4.7 Autophagy
		4.8 Stem Cells
		4.9 Plastid Division
		4.10 Pathogen Response
		4.11 Regulation of Cytoskeleton and Organelle Morphology
	5 Phosphoinositide-Binding Proteins
		5.1 Non-specific Phosphoinositide- and Phosphoinositide Kinase-Binding Proteins
		5.2 Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate
		5.3 Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate
		5.4 Phosphatidylinositol 5-Phosphate
		5.5 Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-Bisphosphate
		5.6 Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate
	6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
Molecular Mechanisms of Vaspin Action - From Adipose Tissue to Skin and Bone, from Blood Vessels to the Brain
	1 Vaspin Structure and Inhibition Mechanism
		1.1 Serpin Mechanism
		1.2 Crystal Structures of Native and Cleaved Vaspin
		1.3 Tested and Targeted Proteases
		1.4 Determinants of Specificity - RCL Sequence and Exosites for KLK7 Inhibition
		1.5 Vaspin Cofactors and Non-Protease Interacting Proteins
		1.6 Glycosylation
	2 Physiology of Vaspin
		2.1 Tissue Expression of Vaspin
		2.2 Serum Levels of Vaspin
		2.3 Gene Regulation by Nutrients
		2.4 Gene Regulation by Hormones/Small Molecules
			2.4.1 Leptin
			2.4.2 Insulin/Insulin Sensitizers
			2.4.3 Thyroid Hormones
			2.4.4 Sex Steroids
	3 Multifaceted and Tissue-Specific Functions of Vaspin - In Vivo and In Vitro Data
		3.1 Vaspin and Obesity Related Insulin-Resistance
		3.2 Vaspin in Adipose Tissue
		3.3 Vaspin in Brown Adipose Tissue and Thermogenesis
		3.4 Vaspin in Vascular Cells
		3.5 Vaspin in the Brain - Central Action of Vaspin
		3.6 Vaspin in Bone
		3.7 Vaspin in Skin
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Exceptionally Selective Substrate Targeting by the Metalloprotease Anthrax Lethal Factor
	1 Introduction
	2 LF Structure and Biochemistry
	3 LF Substrate Specificity: Catalytic Site Interactions
	4 LF-Substrate Exosite Interactions
		4.1 Mapping of the LF Exosite Region
		4.2 Sites on MKKs Implicated in Interactions with LF
	5 Exploiting Substrate Interactions for LF Inhibitor Design and Discovery
	6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Salmonella, E. coli, and Citrobacter Type III Secretion System Effector Proteins that Alter Host Innate Immunity
	1 Introduction
		1.1 E. coli and Citrobacter Effectors
		1.2 Salmonella Effectors
	2 Summary
	References
New Techniques to Study Intracellular Receptors in Living Cells: Insights Into RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of FRET
		2.1 Optical Micro-spectroscopy
		2.2 FRET Spectrometry
		2.3 Fully Quantitative Spectral Imaging (FSI) Using Two Excitation Wavelengths
	3 Q-MSI with Mito-Tracker Staining
	4 Q-MSI Analysis of Interactions Between RIG-I Like Receptors
		4.1 RIG-I Like Receptors (RLRs)
		4.2 Q-MSI Analysis of RLR Interactions
		4.3 Significance of the Q-MSI Observations with RLRs
	5 The Hepatitis C Virus Helicase Interacts with the Human Pattern Recognition Receptor LGP2
		5.1 RLRs and HCV Detection
		5.2 Observation of NS3:RLR Interactions with Q-MSI
		5.3 Significance of the LGP2:NS3 Interaction
	6 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Correction to: Polyphosphoinositide-Binding Domains: Insights from Peripheral Membrane and Lipid-Transfer Proteins
Index