Protective Relaying Principles And Applications

Contents......Page 552
1.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS......Page 3
1.2 TYPICAL PROTECTIVE RELAYS AND RELAY SYSTEMS......Page 7
1.3 TYPICAL POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERS......Page 11
1.4 NOMENCLATURE AND DEVICE NUMBERS......Page 14
1.5 TYPICAL RELAY AND CIRCUIT BREAKER CONNECTIONS......Page 18
1.6 BASIC OBJECTIVES OF SYSTEM PROTECTION......Page 21
1.7 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROTECTION SYSTEM......Page 25
1.8 CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS......Page 27
1.9 PROTECTIVE RELAY PERFORMANCE......Page 28
1.10 PRINCIPLES OF RELAY APPLICATION......Page 30
1.1 1 INFORMATION FOR APPLICATION......Page 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 34
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 37
2.3 ADVANTAGES OF PER UNIT AND PERCENT......Page 38
2.4 GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN CIRCUIT QUANTITIES......Page 39
2.5 BASE QUANTITIES......Page 41
2.6 PER UNIT AND PERCENT IMPEDANCE RELATIONS......Page 42
2.7 PER UNIT AND PERCENT IMPEDANCES OF TRANSFORMER UNITS......Page 43
2.8 CHANGING PER UNIT (PERCENT) QUANTITIES TO DIFFERENT BASES......Page 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 48
3.2 PHASORS......Page 49
3.3 CIRCUIT AND PHASOR DIAGRAMS FOR A BALANCED THREE-PHASE POWER SYSTEM......Page 55
3.4 PHASOR AND PHASE ROTATION......Page 57
3.5 POLARITY......Page 58
3.6 APPLICATION OF POLARITY FOR PHASE-FAULT DIRECTIONAL SENSING......Page 63
3.7 DIRECTIONAL SENSING FOR GROUND FAULTS: VOLTAGE POLARIZATION......Page 67
3.8 DIRECTIONAL SENSING FOR GROUND FAULTS: CURRENT POLARIZATION......Page 0
3.10 SUMMARY......Page 71
4.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND......Page 72
4.2 POSITIVE-SEQUENCE SET......Page 73
4.4 NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE SET......Page 74
4.6 GENERAL EQUATIONS......Page 75
4.7 SEQUENCE INDEPENDENCE......Page 76
4.8 POSITIVE-SEQUENCE SOURCES......Page 78
4.9 SEQUENCE NETWORKS......Page 81
4.10 SHUNT UNBALANCE SEQUENCE NETWORK INTERCONNECTIONS......Page 89
4.1 1 EXAMPLE: FAULT CALCULATIONS ON A TYPICAL SYSTEM SHOWN IN FIGURE 4.16......Page 95
4.12 EXAMPLE: FAULT CALCULATION FOR AUTOTRANSFORMERS......Page 100
4.13 EXAMPLE: OPEN-PHASE CONDUCTOR......Page 104
4.14 EXAMPLE: OPEN PHASE FALLING TO GROUND ON ONE SIDE......Page 106
4.15 SERIES AND SIMULTANEOUS UNBALANCES......Page 108
4.16 OVERVIEW......Page 109
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 119
APPENDIX 4.1 SHORT-CIRCUIT MVA AND EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE......Page 120
APPENDIX 4.2 IMPEDANCE AND SEQUENCE CONNECTIONS FOR TRANSFORMER BANKS......Page 121
APPENDIX 4.3 SEQUENCE PHASE SHIFTS THROUGH WE-DELTA TRANSFORMER BANKS......Page 128
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 131
5.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF CURRENT AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS......Page 134
5.3 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS FOR PROTECTION APPLICATIONS......Page 136
5.4 CURRENT TRANSFORMER PERFORMANCE ON A SYMMETRICAL AC COMPONENT......Page 137
5.6 CT SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR PHASE FAULTS......Page 143
CHAPTER 11......Page 1
5.8 EFFECT OF UNENERGIZED CTS ON PERFORMANCE......Page 151
5.9 FLUX SUMMATION CURRENT TRANSFORMER......Page 152
5.10 CURRENT TRANSFORMER PERFORMANCE ON THE DC COMPONENT......Page 153
5.1 1 SUMMARY: CURRENT TRANSFORMER PERFORMANCE EVALUATION......Page 155
5.12 CURRENTTRANSFORMER RESIDUAL FLUX AND SUBSIDENCE TRANSIENTS......Page 158
5.13 AUXILIARY CURRENT TRANSFORMERS IN CT SECONDARY CIRCUITS......Page 159
5.14 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS FOR PROTECTIVE APPLICATIONS......Page 160
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 162
6.2 THE DIFFERENTIAL PRINCIPLE......Page 163
6.3 OVERCURRENT-DISTANCE PROTECTION AND THE BASIC PROTECTION PROBLEM......Page 167
6.4 BACKUP PROTECTION: REMOTE VERSUS LOCAL......Page 169
6.5 BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES......Page 170
6.6 GROUND DISTANCE RELAYS......Page 188
6.7 SOLID-STATE MICROPROCESSOR RELAYS......Page 189
6.8 SUMMARY......Page 190
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 191
7.2 UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS......Page 192
7.3 TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES......Page 197
7.4 GROUND-DETECTION METHODS FOR UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS......Page 198
7.5 HIGH-IMPEDANCE-GROUNDING SYSTEMS......Page 202
7.6 SYSTEM GROUNDING FOR MINE OR OTHER HAZARDOUS-TYPE APPLICATIONS......Page 213
7.7 LOW-IMPEDANCE GROUNDING......Page 215
7.8 SOLID (EFFECTIVE) GROUNDING......Page 218
7.9 FERRORESONANCE IN THREE-PHASE POWER SYSTEMS......Page 221
7.10 SAFETY GROUNDING......Page 227
7.11 GROUNDING SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 228
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 230
8.1 INTRODUCTION AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS......Page 232
8.2 GENERATOR CONNECTIONS AND TYPICAL PROTECTION......Page 235
8.3 STATOR PHASE-FAULT PROTECTION FOR ALL SIZE GENERATORS......Page 238
8.4 UNIT TRANSFORMER PHASE-FAULT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (87TG)......Page 247
8.5 PHASE-FAULT BACKUP PROTECTION (51V) or (21)......Page 248
8.7 STATOR GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION......Page 250
8.9 FIELD GROUND PROTECTION (64)......Page 261
8.12 GENERATOR PROTECTION FOR SYSTEM DISTURBANCES AND OPERATIONAL HAZARDS......Page 270
8.13 SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER PROTECTION......Page 275
8.1 5 STATION AUXILIARY SERVICE SYSTEM......Page 276
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 277
9.1 TRANSFORMERS......Page 279
9.2 FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION......Page 281
9.3 MAGNETIZING INRUSH......Page 282
9.4 TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY CHARACTERISTICS......Page 284
9.5 APPLICATION AND CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS......Page 285
9.6 EXAMPLE: DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION CONNECTIONS FOR A TWO-WINDING WE-DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK......Page 286
9.8 EXAMPLE: DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION CONNECTIONS FOR MULTlWlNDlNG TRANSFORMERBANK......Page 291
9.10 PARALLELING CTS IN DIFFERENTIAL CIRCUITS......Page 295
9.1 1 SPECIAL CONNECTIONS FOR TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS......Page 297
9.12 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOR THREE-PHASE BANKS OF SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER UNITS......Page 299
9.13 GROUND (ZERO-SEQUENCE) DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOR TRANSFORMERS......Page 300
9.14 EQUIPMENT FOR TRANSFER TRIP SYSTEMS......Page 302
9.15 MECHANICAL FAULT DETECTION FOR TRANSFORMERS......Page 303
9.16 GROUNDING TRANSFORMER PROTECTION......Page 304
9.17 GROUND DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION WITH DIRECTIONAL RELAYS......Page 306
9.1 8 PROTECTION OF REGULATING TRANSFORMERS......Page 311
9.1 9 TRANSFORMER OVERCURRENT PROTECTION......Page 312
9.20 TRANSFORMER OVERLOAD-THROUGH- FAULT-WITHSTAND STANDARDS......Page 314
9.21 EXAMPLES: TRANSFORMER OVERCURRENT PROTECTION......Page 320
9.24 SUMMARY. TYPICAL PROTECTION FOR TRANSFORMERS......Page 328
9.25 REACTORS......Page 331
9.26 CAPACITORS......Page 336
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 337
10.1 INTRODUCTION: TYPICAL BUS ARRANGEMENTS......Page 339
10.2 SINGLE BREAKER-SINGLE BUS......Page 341
10.5 SINGLE BREAKER-DOUBLE BUS......Page 342
10.6 DOUBLE BREAKER-DOUBLE BUS......Page 345
10.7 RING BUS......Page 346
10.8 BREAKER-AND-A-HALF BUS......Page 347
10.9 TRANSFORMER-BUS COMBINATION......Page 348
10.11 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOR BUSES......Page 349
10.12 OTHER BUS DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS......Page 356
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 360
11.2 POTENTIAL MOTOR HAZARDS......Page 361
11.3 MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS INVOLVED IN PROTECTION......Page 363
11.4 INDUCTION MOTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT......Page 364
11.6 PHASE-FAULT PROTECTION......Page 366
11.7 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION......Page 368
11.8 GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION......Page 370
11.9 THERMAL AND LOCKED-ROTOR PROTECTION......Page 372
11.10 LOCKED-ROTOR PROTECTION FOR LARGE MOTORS (21)......Page 374
11.1 1 SYSTEM UNBALANCE AND MOTORS......Page 375
11.13 UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION......Page 382
11.15 REPETITIVE STARTS AND JOGGING PROTECTION......Page 383
11 .I7 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PROTECTION......Page 384
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 386
12.1 CLASSIFICATION OF LINES AND FEEDERS......Page 387
12.3 TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT FOR LINE PROTECTION......Page 391
12.4 COORDINATION FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL SETTING CRITERIA......Page 393
12.5 DISTRIBUTION FEEDER, RADIAL LINE PROTECTION, AND COORDINATION......Page 397
12.6 EXAMPLE: COORDINATION FOR A TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION FEEDER......Page 400
12.7 INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCER, DSGs, AND OTHER SOURCES CONNECTED TO DISTRIBUTION LINES......Page 404
12.8 EXAMPLE: COORDINATION FOR A LOOP SYSTEM......Page 405
12.9 INSTANTANEOUS TRIP APPLICATION FOR A LOOP SYSTEM......Page 411
12.10 SHORT-LINE APPLICATIONS......Page 412
12.11 NETWORK AND SPOT NETWORK SYSTEMS......Page 413
12.12 DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR PHASE FAULTS......Page 414
12.13 DISTANCE RELAY APPLICATIONS FOR TAPPED AND MULTITERMINAL LINES......Page 417
12.15 DISTANCE RELAY APPLICATIONS IN SYSTEMS PROTECTED BY INVERSE-TIME- OVERCURRENT RELAYS......Page 420
12.17 DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR GROUND FAULTS AND DIRECTION OVERCURRENT COMPARISON......Page 421
12.18 FAULT RESISTANCE AND RELAYING......Page 423
12.19 DIRECTIONAL SENSING FOR GROUND- OVERCURRENT RELAYS......Page 425
12.20 POLARIZING PROBLEMS WITH AUTOTRANSFORMERS......Page 427
12.23 GROUND DIRECTIONAL SENSING WITH NEGATIVE SEQUENCE......Page 431
12.24 MUTUAL COUPLING AND GROUND RELAYING......Page 432
12.25 GROUND DISTANCE RELAYING WITH MUTUAL INDUCTION......Page 439
12.26 LONG EHV SERIES-COMPENSATED LINE PROTECTION......Page 440
12.27 BACKUP: REMOTE, LOCAL, AND BREAKER FA1 LUR E......Page 441
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 446
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 448
13.2 PILOT SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS......Page 449
13.4 DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON BLOCKING PILOT SYSTEMS......Page 450
13.5 DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON UNBLOCKING PILOT SYSTEM......Page 453
13.6 DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON OVERREACHING TRANSFER TRIP PILOT SYSTEMS......Page 456
13.7 DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON UNDERREACHING TRANSFER TRIP PILOT SYSTEMS......Page 458
13.8 PHASE COMPARISON: PILOT WIRE RELAYING-WIRE LINE CHANNELS......Page 459
13.9 PHASE COMPARISON: AUDIOTONE OR FIBER-OPTIC CHANNELS......Page 463
13.10 SEGREGATED PHASE COMPARISON PILOT SYSTEMS......Page 466
13.1 1 SINGLE-POLE-SELECTIVE-POLE PILOT SYSTEMS......Page 467
13.13 TRANSFERTRIP SYSTEMS......Page 468
13.14 COMMUNICATION CHANNELS FOR PROTECTION......Page 469
13.15 SUMMARY AND GENERAL EVALUATION OF PILOT SYSTEMS......Page 472
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 473
APPENDIX 1: PROTECTION OF WIRE-LINE PILOT CIRCUITS......Page 474
14.2 ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER TRANSMISSION......Page 480
14.3 STEADY-STATE OPERATION AND STABILITY......Page 481
14.4 TRANSIENT OPERATION AND STABILITY......Page 483
14.5 SYSTEM SWINGS AND PROTECTION......Page 486
14.6 OUT-OF-STEP DETECTION BY DISTANCE RELAYS......Page 492
14.7 AUTOMATIC LINE RECLOSING......Page 494
14.8 DISTRIBUTION FEEDER RECLOSING......Page 495
14.9 SUBTRANSMISSION AND TRANSMISSION- LINE RECLOSING......Page 496
14.10 RECLOSING ON LINES WITH TRANSFORMERS OR REACTORS......Page 498
14.12 FREQUENCY RELAYING FOR LOAD SHEDDING-LOAD SAVING......Page 499
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 501
CHAPTER 2......Page 502
CHAPTER 3......Page 503
CHAPTER 4......Page 506
CHAPTER 5......Page 508
CHAPTER 7......Page 510
CHAPTER 8......Page 513
CHAPTER 9......Page 516
CHAPTER 10......Page 520
CHAPTER 12......Page 524
CHAPTER 14......Page 531
Index......Page 532
Preface to the First Edition......Page 542
Series Introduction......Page 548