Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, Second Edition

Cover......Page 1
PROTECTIVE GLOVES FOR OCCUPATIONAL USE......Page 4
Series Preface......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
The Editors......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
I. TERMINOLOGY......Page 16
II. ABBREVIATIONS......Page 17
Contents......Page 18
II.  PROTECTIVE GLOVES......Page 22
REFERENCES......Page 24
II.  RISK ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS......Page 26
IV. ASSESSING RISK......Page 27
B. EXPOSURE AND DOSE......Page 28
V.  TLVs AND OTHER PUBLISHED EXPOSURE RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 29
VI.  ASSESSMENT OF RISK......Page 30
VII. LEVELS OF RISK......Page 32
IX. RISK VS. BENEFIT......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 34
I.  TYPES......Page 36
A.  RUBBER MATERIALS (NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC)......Page 37
B. PLASTIC POLYMER MATERIALS......Page 39
1. Compounding of Rubber Latex......Page 40
2. Vulcanizing Systems......Page 41
3. Dipping Processes......Page 43
4. Leaching, Chlorination, and Lubrication......Page 45
6. Polymer Blends and Polymer Composites......Page 46
D. GLOVES MADE BY PUNCHING AND WELDING......Page 47
E. SUMMARY......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 49
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 50
II.  EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES......Page 51
III.  STANDARDS RELATED TO PROTECTIVE GLOVES......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 54
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 56
II.  RULES, REGULATIONS, AND STANDARDS......Page 57
REFERENCES......Page 60
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 64
II.  THE JAPANESE MEDICAL DEVICE REGULATORY SYSTEM......Page 65
III.  REGISTRATION AND APPROVAL......Page 66
IV.  MEDICAL DEVICE CLASSIFICATION......Page 69
A.  EXAMINATION GLOVES......Page 71
C. PROTECTIVE GLOVES (UTILITY)......Page 79
VI.  IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS......Page 82
VII.  GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES AND QUALITY CONTROL......Page 84
IX.  INFECTION CONTROL AND GLOVE USE......Page 85
X.  GLOVE-RELATED ALLERGY AND PRODUCT SELECTION......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
I.  TERMS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 92
II.  DEGRADATION TESTING......Page 93
A. KEY PARAMETERS......Page 94
B. STANDARD TEST METHODS......Page 95
C.  PERMEATION TEST CELLS......Page 96
D.  FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERMEATION TEST RESULTS......Page 98
F. INTERMITTENT CONTACT PERMEATION TESTING......Page 101
H. MODIFIED PERMEATION TESTING......Page 102
IV.  PENETRATION TESTING......Page 103
V.  SUMMARY......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 105
CONTENTS......Page 110
A.  THE 1000 ML WATER LEAK TEST......Page 111
C. PUNCTURE RESISTANCE......Page 112
D.  BREAKING STRENGTH......Page 114
1.  Testing with 1000 ml of Water......Page 115
2. Testing with Viruses......Page 116
1.  Results from 1000 ml Water Leak Tests......Page 118
C. STUDIES OF PUNCTURE RESISTANCE......Page 119
A.  MATERIAL FATIGUE......Page 120
B.  TRIBOLOGIC STUDIES......Page 124
C. OTHER FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE INTEGRITY......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 132
A. ANIMAL STUDIES......Page 133
C. USE OF AN OPEN CHAMBER SYSTEM......Page 134
1.  Testing Device......Page 135
2.  Method......Page 136
3.  Evaluation......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 139
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 142
IV.  EXPOSURE CONDITIONS......Page 143
V.  SKIN IRRITATION—STRATEGY FOR EXAMINATION AND SUGGESTED INVESTIGATIONS......Page 144
C.  WORKPLACE VISITS......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 146
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 148
A. RUBBER GLOVES......Page 149
A.  RUBBER GLOVES......Page 150
B. PLASTIC GLOVES......Page 153
A.  PREDISPOSING FACTORS......Page 155
B.  LOCATION AND APPEARANCE OF DERMATITIS......Page 156
V.  DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 157
VI.  PREVENTION OF GLOVE DERMATITIS......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 160
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 166
II.  CONTACT URTICARIA SYNDROME......Page 167
III.  ALLERGIC CONTACT ECZEMA......Page 168
IV.  PENETRATION OF CHEMICALS THROUGH GLOVES......Page 170
REFERENCES......Page 171
CONTENTS......Page 176
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 177
II.  A PRIMER ON GLOVE MANUFACTURING......Page 178
III.  GLOVE-RELATED ALLERGENS AND ASSOCIATED REACTIONS......Page 180
A.  NRL PROTEIN ALLERGENS AND TYPE I (IMMEDIATE) ALLERGIC REACTIONS......Page 181
B.  RUBBER CHEMICAL ALLERGENS AND DELAYED (TYPE IV) ALLERGIC REACTIONS......Page 183
A.  RISK FACTORS......Page 185
B. SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT......Page 186
C. DIAGNOSTIC TESTING......Page 187
1.  Skin Prick Testing for Type I NRL Protein Allergy......Page 188
3.  Provocation, Use, and Challenge Testing for Type I NRL Protein Allergy......Page 189
4.  Patch Testing for Type IV Allergy to Rubber Chemical Additives......Page 190
D.  DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 191
V.  MANAGEMENT......Page 193
A. WORKER EDUCATION AND AWARENESS......Page 194
B. PRODUCT SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS FOR TYPE I NRL-ALLERGIC WORKERS......Page 195
C. PRODUCT SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORKERS WITH TYPE IV ALLERGIES TO RUBBER ADDITIVES......Page 196
D. REDUCING NRL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE LEVELS......Page 198
V.  SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 200
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 208
II.  MANIFESTATIONS OF NRL ALLERGY, OTHER THAN CONTACT URTICARIA......Page 211
A.  HISTORY......Page 212
B. SKIN TESTS FOR OCCUPATIONAL NRL ALLERGY......Page 213
E. NASAL CHALLENGES......Page 214
F.  ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE NRL-INDUCED OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA......Page 215
III.  IS OCCUPATIONAL NRL ALLERGY IN HEALTH-CARE WORKERS STILL A PROBLEM?......Page 219
REFERENCES......Page 220
II.  IRRITANT REACTIONS......Page 224
III.  CONTACT AND OTHER URTICARIA......Page 228
IV.  CHEMICAL LEUKODERMA......Page 230
V.  ENDOTOXINS......Page 232
VI.  ETHYLENE OXIDE......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 235
II. SKIN AND EFFECTS OF OCCLUSION......Page 240
III. LOCAL REACTIONS OF OCCLUSION......Page 241
IV.  CONCLUSIONS......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 246
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 250
II.  A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF DERMAL EXPOSURE......Page 252
A. AVAILABLE METHODS FOR MONITORING DERMAL EXPOSURE......Page 254
1.  Surrogate Skin Methods......Page 255
2.  Removal Methods......Page 256
3.  Visualization Techniques......Page 257
B.  ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL MONITORING IN ASSESSING DERMAL EXPOSURE......Page 258
C. WHAT CAN THESE METHODS MEASURE?......Page 259
IV.  STUDIES THAT HAVE ATTEMPTED TO ASSESS THE WORKPLACE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLOVES......Page 261
V.  IMPACT OF GLOVES ON UPTAKE THROUGH THE SKIN......Page 263
VI.  IMPLICATIONS FOR TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLOVES......Page 266
VII.  DISCUSSION......Page 271
REFERENCES......Page 272
CONTENTS......Page 276
II.  WHO SHALL PROVIDE GLOVES?......Page 277
III. WHAT FACTORS DETERMINEWHETHERAGLOVE IS SUITABLE AS PROTECTION?......Page 278
a. Choosing and Using the Wrong Glove......Page 280
b. Not Donning or Removing the Glove Correctly......Page 281
d.  Incorrect Disposal......Page 283
3.  Degradation......Page 284
4.  Permeation......Page 285
5.  The Problem of Mixtures......Page 288
B. SELECTING THE OPTIMUM GLOVE MATERIAL......Page 290
C.  WHICH GLOVE?......Page 292
2.  Potential for Skin Contact......Page 293
4.  Physical Characteristics of Chemical......Page 294
5.  Physical Damage to Glove......Page 295
6.  Temperature......Page 296
9.  Training Needs......Page 297
11.  Effects on the Skin of Wearing Gloves......Page 298
13.  Cost......Page 299
V.  HOW IS IT DETERMINED WHETHER AN ADEQUATE CONTROL FOR THE WORKERS IS ACHIEVED?......Page 300
A. DETERMINING THE SMUT......Page 301
VI.  HOW IS AN EFFECTIVE GLOVE SELECTION AND USE SYSTEM CREATED AND MAINTAINED?......Page 302
USEFUL WEB SITES......Page 305
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 308
1.  Oligomers......Page 309
2.  Monomers......Page 310
III.  DERMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS WITH UV/EB-CURING ACRYLATES IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS......Page 311
IV.  RESISTANCE OF PROTECTIVE GLOVES TO PERMEATION BY UV/EB-CURING ACRYLATES......Page 312
B. LONG-LASTING CONTACT TO UV/EB-CURING ACRYLATES WITHOUT ORGANIC SOLVENTS......Page 314
D. HANDLING OF HDDA OR DPGDA WITH OR WITHOUT SOLVENTS......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 316
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 320
III.  TEST METHODS......Page 321
A. CHEMICAL PERMEATION STUDIES......Page 322
B. RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 323
A. CHEMICAL PERMEATION STUDIES......Page 324
A. CHEMICAL PERMEATION STUDIES......Page 326
VII.  SOLVENTS......Page 328
A.  MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS......Page 329
REFERENCES......Page 330
A.  SURGERY......Page 336
B. PATIENT CARE......Page 337
IV.  SELECTION OF GLOVES......Page 338
V.  CONCLUSION......Page 339
REFERENCES......Page 340
I.  INTRODUCTION......Page 342
II.  DERMAL EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES......Page 343
B.  DISTRIBUTION......Page 344
V.  IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS DESCRIBING PENETRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOVES......Page 345
B. PYRETHROIDS......Page 347
D. ORGANOCHLORINES......Page 348
A.  POLYETHYLENE GLOVES......Page 349
D. NEOPRENE......Page 350
VIII.  PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS......Page 351
IX. USE OF GLOVES AFTER STORAGE, WASHING, OR CLEANSING......Page 352
REFERENCES......Page 353
Index......Page 356