Protecting the Oceans Beyond National Jurisdiction

Table of Contents......Page 8
Series Editor's Preface......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
List of Abbreviations......Page 18
Table of Treaties Instruments and Declarations......Page 22
A. Introduction......Page 26
B. The Physical Characteristics of the Open Ocean and Deep Seabed Environments......Page 27
1. Marine Biological Divisions of the Ocean......Page 28
2. Biogeographic Divisions of the Ocean......Page 30
3. Seafloor Topography......Page 31
1. Seamounts......Page 32
2. Hydrothermal Vents......Page 33
3. Cold Seeps and Pockmarks......Page 35
4. Deep Sea Trenches......Page 36
5. Deep Sea Coral Reefs......Page 38
D. Threats to the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction from Human Activities......Page 39
1. Threats Associated with Marine Living Resource Exploitation......Page 40
2. Threats Associated with Marine Transport......Page 42
3. Threats Associated with Deep Seabed Mining......Page 43
4. Threats Associated with Bioprospecting and Marine Scientific Research......Page 45
5. Threats Associated with Climate Change Mitigation Activities......Page 46
E. Conclusion......Page 50
A. Introduction......Page 52
B. The High Seas Regime......Page 53
1. Invalidity of Sovereign Claims over the High Seas......Page 55
2. Freedoms of the High Seas......Page 56
3. Flag State Jurisdiction......Page 60
4. Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas......Page 64
C. The Seabed Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 65
1. General Provisions......Page 72
2. Global and Regional Cooperation in Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 75
3. Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring......Page 76
4. Prescriptive Jurisdiction over Pollution of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 77
5. Enforcement Jurisdiction over Pollution of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 80
E. Conclusion......Page 89
A. Introduction......Page 92
1. Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment......Page 93
C. Integrated and Ecosystem Based Management of the Marine Environment......Page 99
1. World Conservation Strategy – IUCN/UNEP/WWF Report 1980......Page 100
2. Our Common Future – Brundtland Report 1987......Page 102
3. Caring for the Earth – A Strategy for Sustainable Living – IUCN/UNEP/WWF Report, 1991......Page 104
4. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992......Page 105
5. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992......Page 116
6. World Summit on Sustainable Development – Johannesburg 2002......Page 120
D. Conclusion......Page 121
A. Introduction......Page 124
B. The Exploitation of Marine Living Resources Beyond National Jurisdiction – Regulatory Framework for Environmental Protection......Page 125
1. 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement......Page 127
2. FAO Code for Responsible Fisheries, 1995......Page 133
3. FAO High Seas Compliance Agreement, 1993......Page 136
4. Regional Fisheries Management Organizations......Page 137
5. Overall Assessment of RFMO Performance in relation to Protection of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 149
C. Maritime Transport Beyond National Jurisdiction – Environmental Regulation......Page 152
1. Vessel Source Pollution......Page 153
2. Invasive Aquatic Species in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 170
3. Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas......Page 173
4. The Effectiveness of the Maritime Transport Framework for Environmental Protection in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 179
A. Introduction......Page 182
B. ISA Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area......Page 183
1. Polymetallic Nodule Environmental Guidelines and State Practice in Complying with Polymetallic Nodules Regulations......Page 187
C. Draft ISA Regulations for Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides and Ferromanganese Cobalt Rich Crusts (PSFCRC Regulations)......Page 191
D. Conclusion......Page 195
A. Introduction......Page 198
B. UNEP Regional Seas Conventions and their Application to Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 200
1. Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region (Noumea Convention)
......Page 202
2. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention)......Page 206
3. Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention)......Page 212
4. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas of the South East Pacific (Lima Convention)
......Page 215
1. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic (OSPAR Convention)......Page 218
2. Integrated Protection of the Antarctic Marine Environment......Page 224
D. Conclusion......Page 229
A. Introduction
......Page 232
B. Current International Discussions on the Protection of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 233
1. United Nations Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS)......Page 234
2. BBNJ Working Group......Page 236
3. Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of the Parties (CBD COP)......Page 239
5. IUCN High Seas Governance for the 21st Century Workshop......Page 240
C. Options for Strengthening the Environmental Protection Framework for Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 245
2. Global Binding Instruments to Strengthen Environmental Protection Beyond National Jurisdiction......Page 246
3. Regional Agreements......Page 256
D. Conclusion......Page 258
Bibliography......Page 260
Index......Page 282