Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
1 Hybrid vehicles......Page 18
1.1.1 Partnership for new generation of vehicle goals......Page 28
1.1.2 Engine downsizing......Page 29
1.1.3 Drive cycle characteristics......Page 31
1.1.5 Basic vehicle dynamics......Page 36
1.2 Calculation of road load......Page 40
1.2.1 Components of road load......Page 41
1.2.2 Friction and wheel slip......Page 47
1.3.2 Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)......Page 50
1.3.3 Fuel economy and consumption conversions......Page 52
1.4 Internal combustion engines: a primer......Page 53
1.4.1 What is brake mean effective pressure (BMEP)?......Page 55
1.4.2 BSFC sensitivity to BMEP......Page 57
1.4.3 ICE basics: fuel consumption mapping......Page 59
1.5.1 The connected car, V2G
......Page 61
1.5.2 Grid connected HEV20 and HEV60......Page 63
1.5.3 Charge sustaining......Page 66
1.6 References......Page 67
2 Hybrid architectures......Page 70
2.1 Series configurations......Page 73
2.1.1 Locomotive drives......Page 74
2.1.2 SeriesŒparallel switching......Page 75
2.1.3 Load tracking architecture......Page 78
2.2.1 Mild hybrid......Page 79
2.2.2 Power assist......Page 82
2.2.3 Dual mode......Page 83
2.3 Pre-transmission combined configurations......Page 84
2.3.1 Power split......Page 86
2.3.2 Power split with shift......Page 90
2.3.3 Continuously variable transmission (CVT) derived......Page 91
2.3.4 Integrated hybrid assist transmission......Page 92
2.4 Post-transmission parallel configurations......Page 95
2.4.1 Post-transmission hybrid......Page 96
2.5 Hydraulic post-transmission hybrid......Page 98
2.5.1 Launch assist......Page 99
2.5.2 Hydraulic-electric post-transmission......Page 100
2.6.1 Texas A&M University transmotor......Page 101
2.6.2 Petrol electric drivetrain (PEDT)......Page 102
2.6.3 Swiss Federal Institute flywheel concept......Page 103
2.7 Electric four wheel drive......Page 104
2.7.1 Production Estima Van example......Page 105
2.8 References......Page 106
3 Hybrid power plant specifications......Page 108
3.1 Grade and cruise targets......Page 112
3.2.2 Lane change......Page 115
3.3 Braking and energy recuperation......Page 116
10.4 Flywheel systems......Page 117
3.3.2 Parallel RBS......Page 118
3.3.4 RBS interaction with IVD/VSC/ESP......Page 119
3.4.2 Average speed and impact on fuel economy......Page 120
3.4.3 Dynamics of acceleration/deceleration......Page 121
3.5.1 Engine downsizing......Page 122
3.6 Usage requirements......Page 123
3.6.3 Grade holding and creep......Page 124
3.7 References......Page 125
4.1 Matching the electric drive and ICE......Page 126
4.1.1 Transmission selection......Page 127
4.1.2 Gear step selection......Page 129
4.1.3 Automatic transmission architectures......Page 130
4.2 Sizing the propulsion motor......Page 135
4.2.1 Torque and power......Page 136
4.2.2 Constant power speed ratio (CPSR)......Page 139
4.2.3 Machine sizing......Page 141
4.3 Sizing the power electronics......Page 145
4.3.2 kVA/kW and power factor......Page 147
4.3.3 Ripple capacitor design......Page 149
4.3.4 Switching frequency and PWM......Page 154
4.4 Selecting the energy storage technology......Page 156
4.4.1 LeadŒacid technology......Page 164
4.4.2 Nickel metal hydride......Page 165
4.4.3 Lithium ion......Page 166
4.4.4 Fuel cell......Page 167
4.4.5 Ultra-capacitor......Page 173
4.5 Electrical overlay harness......Page 176
4.5.1 Cable requirements......Page 177
4.5.2 Inverter busbars......Page 181
4.5.3 High voltage disconnect......Page 183
4.6 Communications......Page 184
4.6.2 Power and data networks......Page 187
4.6.3 Future communications: TTCAN......Page 189
4.6.4 Future communications: Flexray......Page 191
4.6.5 Competing future communications protocols......Page 194
4.6.6 DTC diagnostic test codes......Page 195
4.7.2 Braking systems......Page 196
4.7.3 Cabin climate control......Page 197
4.7.4 Thermal management......Page 188
4.7.5 Human-machine interface
......Page 201
4.8.1 Cost analysis......Page 202
4.8.2 Weight tally......Page 203
4.9 References......Page 205
5.1 Brushless machines......Page 208
5.1.1 Brushless dc......Page 212
5.1.2 Brushless ac......Page 216
5.1.3 Design essentials of the SPM......Page 220
5.1.4 Dual mode inverter......Page 229
5.2 Interior permanent magnet......Page 231
5.2.1 Buried magnet......Page 232
5.2.2 Flux squeeze......Page 235
5.2.3 Mechanical field weakening......Page 240
5.3 Asynchronous machines......Page 242
5.3.1 Classical induction......Page 243
5.3.2 Winding reconfiguration......Page 246
5.3.3 Pole changing 230......Page 247
5.4 Variable reluctance machine......Page 259
5.4.1 Switched reluctance......Page 261
5.4.2 Synchronous reluctance......Page 263
5.5 Relative merits of electric machine technologies......Page 266
5.5.1 Comparisons for electric vehicles......Page 267
5.5.2 Comparisons for hybrid vehicles......Page 268
5.6 References......Page 271
6 Power electronics for ac drives......Page 274
6.1 Essentials of pulse width modulation......Page 276
6.2 Resonant pulse modulation......Page 281
6.3 Space-vector PWM......Page 283
6.4 Comparison of PWM techniques......Page 291
6.5 Thermal design......Page 295
6.6 Reliability considerations......Page 300
6.7 Sensors for current regulators......Page 303
6.8 Interleaved PWM for minimum ripple......Page 305
6.9 References......Page 307
7 Drive system control......Page 308
7.1 Essentials of field oriented control......Page 309
7.2 Dynamics of field oriented control......Page 314
7.3 Sensorless control......Page 321
7.4 Efficiency optimisation......Page 325
7.5 Direct torque control......Page 329
7.6 References......Page 332
8.1 Traction motor......Page 336
8.1.1 Core losses......Page 338
8.1.2 Copper losses and skin effects......Page 344
8.2.1 Conduction......Page 347
8.2.2 Switching......Page 348
8.2.3 Reverse recovery......Page 350
8.3 Distribution system......Page 351
8.4 Energy storage system......Page 352
8.5 Efficiency mapping......Page 353
8.6 References......Page 357
9 Hybrid vehicle characterisation......Page 360
9.1 City cycle......Page 367
9.3 Combined cycle......Page 368
9.4 European NEDC......Page 370
9.6 Regulated cycle for hybrids......Page 372
9.7 References......Page 374
10.1 Battery systems......Page 376
10.1.1 Lead-acid
......Page 382
10.1.2 Nickel metal hydride......Page 383
10.1.3 Lithium ion......Page 386
10.2 Capacitor systems......Page 390
10.2.1 Symmetrical ultra-capacitors......Page 393
10.2.2 Asymmetrical ultra-capacitors......Page 395
10.2.3 Ultra-capacitors combined with batteries......Page 396
10.2.4 Ultra-capacitor cell balancing......Page 404
10.2.5 Electro-chemical double layer capacitor specification and test......Page 409
10.3 Hydrogen storage......Page 414
10.3.2 High pressure gas......Page 416
10.6 Storage system modelling......Page 419
10.6.1 Battery model......Page 420
10.6.2 Fuel cell model......Page 424
10.6.3 Ultra-capacitor model......Page 427
10.7 References......Page 436
11 Hybrid vehicle test and validation......Page 440
11.1 Vehicle coast down procedure......Page 441
11.2 Sport utility vehicle test......Page 444
11.3 Sport utility vehicle plus trailer test......Page 446
11.4 Class 8 tractor test......Page 449
11.5 Class 8 tractor plus trailer test......Page 451
11.6 References......Page 456
Index......Page 458