Projects in linguistics: a practical guide to researching language

封面页\0......Page 1
书名页\0......Page 2
版权页\0......Page 3
前言页\0......Page 4
目录页\0......Page 32
Being streetwise：keeping on the right side of your assessor\0......Page 52
王宗炎序\0......Page 53
Preface by Chomsky\0......Page 56
沈家煊序\0......Page 63
导读\0......Page 66
Language and thought\0......Page 74
Approaches to research\0......Page 77
Choosing an area\0......Page 39
Getting organized\0......Page 41
Using resources\0......Page 43
Being a researcher\0......Page 45
Setting up data-based research\0......Page 47
2 Psycholinguistics\0......Page 57
Textbooks and major journals\0......Page 58
Central themes and project ideas\0......Page 59
Modularity\0......Page 60
Themes in comprehension\0......Page 62
Themes in production\0......Page 68
Textbooks and major journals\0......Page 78
Things to think about\0......Page 80
Longitudinal case studies\0......Page 82
Pre-linguistic development\0......Page 83
Over-and under-extension：lexical and semantic development\0......Page 84
Development of phonology and intonation\0......Page 85
Children s metalinguistic awareness\0......Page 86
Colour terms\0......Page 87
Carer language（or’child-directed speech ）\0......Page 88
Conversational development\0......Page 89
Literacy development\0......Page 90
4 Conversation analysis\0......Page 92
Textbooks\0......Page 93
Central themes and project ideas\0......Page 95
Scripted versus non-scripted conversation\0......Page 96
The development of children s conversational skills\0......Page 97
Conversation and gender\0......Page 98
Language，power and hierarchy\0......Page 99
Terminology\0......Page 101
Textbooks and major journals\0......Page 103
Developmental sequences and the process of acquisition\0......Page 104
Language-learning targets\0......Page 105
Grammar-based and communication-based teaching\0......Page 106
Different concepts expressed in different languages\0......Page 108
Interlanguage，error analysis and contrastive analysis\0......Page 109
Language assessment and testing\0......Page 110
Bilinguals，multilinguals and polyglots\0......Page 111
Foreign language teaching policy\0......Page 112
Role of the social and political status of English as L2\0......Page 114
6 Style in texts\0......Page 116
Textbooks and major journals\0......Page 117
Interpersonal function\0......Page 118
Sound patterns\0......Page 120
Lexical choice\0......Page 121
Grammatical structure\0......Page 123
Ideology and power\0......Page 124
7 Sociolinguistics\0......Page 126
Terminology and central concepts\0......Page 127
Textbooks and major journals\0......Page 128
Central themes and project ideas\0......Page 129
Types and causes of variation\0......Page 130
Quantitative approaches\0......Page 131
Social networks\0......Page 132
Qualitative approaches\0......Page 133
8 Accents and dialects of English\0......Page 137
Textbooks\0......Page 138
Other resources\0......Page 139
Which accent/dialect to choose\0......Page 140
What to look for in a dialect\0......Page 141
Comparing the speech of three generations\0......Page 144
Explaining why a variety has come about\0......Page 145
The political dimension of a variety\0......Page 146
Update study\0......Page 147
Comparison of two varieties\0......Page 148
Things to think about\0......Page 149
9 Structure and meaning\0......Page 150
Textbooks and major journals\0......Page 151
Pragmatics\0......Page 153
Metaphor\0......Page 155
Sentence structure\0......Page 156
Lexicon and collocation\0......Page 157
Morphology and etymology\0......Page 160
‘Correct’grammar\0......Page 162
10 Historical linguistics\0......Page 165
Textbooks，reference sources and major journals\0......Page 166
Researching words\0......Page 169
Pronunciation and spelling\0......Page 172
The profile of a feature of English across time\0......Page 173
English as a world language\0......Page 174
Things to think about\0......Page 175
11 Language and gender\0......Page 177
Textbooks\0......Page 178
Central themes and project ideas\0......Page 180
Attitudes towards male and female language\0......Page 181
Male-female differences in accent and dialect\0......Page 182
Differences in conversation and style of language use\0......Page 183
Explanations of difference\0......Page 185
Language and sexism\0......Page 186
Gender-differentiated language in first-language acquisition\0......Page 187
Language，gender and education\0......Page 188
Places to get data\0......Page 191
Practicalities\0......Page 192
Things to think about\0......Page 193
How much data do you need?\0......Page 194
Eliciting data from informants\0......Page 195
13 Experiments\0......Page 196
What does experimentation involve?\0......Page 197
Disadvantages of experimental research\0......Page 198
Designing an experiment\0......Page 199
Things to think about\0......Page 201
Practice and fatigue effects\0......Page 202
Emergencies\0......Page 203
What research areas can a questionnaire be used for?\0......Page 205
Subjects\0......Page 206
Presenting a questionnaire\0......Page 207
Designing a questionnaire\0......Page 209
Types of data\0......Page 211
Specific techniques\0......Page 215
Things to think about\0......Page 216
Written questionnaires\0......Page 217
Spoken questionnaires\0......Page 218
General procedures\0......Page 220
Asking for intuitions\0......Page 221
Gathering general data for later analysis\0......Page 223
Observation studies\0......Page 224
Disadvantages\0......Page 225
Things to think about\0......Page 226
Case studies\0......Page 227
Disadvantages\0......Page 228
Dealing with the results\0......Page 229
The difference between phonetic and phonemic transcription\0......Page 233
A few notes on phonemes\0......Page 235
Hints on writing about pronunciation\0......Page 236
Checklist of phonemes\0......Page 237
Basics\0......Page 239
Dealing with silence\0......Page 240
Dealing with complexity\0......Page 242
Dealing with obscurity and unusual pronunciations\0......Page 243
Use of conventional punctuation\0......Page 245
Dealing with pitch，emphasis，speed and volume\0......Page 246
Layout problems\0......Page 248
Other problems\0......Page 249
Why you might want to study texts using a computer\0......Page 251
Corpora and other texts of English available for academic use\0......Page 252
Types of corpus annotation\0......Page 254
Linguistic analyses that can be done using computers and how to do them\0......Page 255
Programs that are available for text analysis\0......Page 258
Other applications of computers in relation to texts\0......Page 259
Textbooks\0......Page 260
What is the Data Protection Act?\0......Page 262
Registration\0......Page 264
Important note\0......Page 265
Basics\0......Page 266
The Harvard system\0......Page 270
The Humane system\0......Page 276
What is plagiarism?\0......Page 279
An exercise in using published sources，creating a sophisticated account，and avoiding plagiarism\0......Page 280
Why use statistics?\0......Page 293
What can statistics do?\0......Page 294
Statistics and hypotheses\0......Page 296
Choosing statistical tests\0......Page 298
Textbooks\0......Page 300
Key to the most common algebraic symbols used in basic statistics\0......Page 301
What are abstracting journals?\0......Page 303
What to do\0......Page 304
Before you write\0......Page 306
As you are writing\0......Page 307
The uses of apostrophes\0......Page 309
Using punctuation\0......Page 310
Other common problems\0......Page 311
References\0......Page 312
Index\0......Page 331
文库索引\0......Page 342
附录页\0......Page 0